The Meanings and Variations of Sister

The Meanings and Variations of Sister The Meanings and Variations of Sister The Meanings and Variations of Sister By Mark Nichol Sister, from the Old English word sweoster and cognate with the Latin term soror, means not only â€Å"a female with one or more parents in common† but has also come, by extension, to refer to a woman with whom one has a bond or a common interest. It also applies to national or racial commonality, as in the term â€Å"soul sister,† which in American English describes a black female. In addition, it can refer loosely to a female relative or a girl or woman with whom one has an affinity, including among feminists; it is also slang for referring to a female in general. In religious contexts, it denotes a female member of a religious order. Because nuns often served as nurses, in British English, sister is still synonymous with nurse. Sis is an informal abbreviation, often used in direct address by a sibling, as is sissy, though this term acquired the pejorative connotation of an effeminate man. The quality of being a sister, literally or figuratively, is sisterhood; the term also applies to a society of sisters, such as a religious community of women. Sister-german is a technical legal term pertaining to the default definition of sister- â€Å"a woman or girl who has both of the same parents as a given person,† as opposed to a half sister, who shares only one parent, or a stepsister, the daughter of a stepparent. (The term german, from the Latin word germanus, means â€Å"having the same parents† and is unrelated to the proper noun referring to a person from Germany.) A blood sister is literally a sister by birth or figuratively someone with whom one shares a bond of loyalty; this term, inspired by â€Å"blood brother,† alludes to the ceremonial exchange of blood between two men, often by mingling blood at the point of a slight self-inflicted wound. â€Å"Big sister† refers to one’s older female sibling or to a woman who mentors a girl to whom she is not related. Phrases that include the word include â€Å"sister act,† a term from vaudeville describing a variety act consisting of two or more sisters, and â€Å"sob sister,† slang for an advice columnist or a writer of sentimental stories supposed to appeal primarily to women, alluding to the emotional reaction expected of female readers when reading such material. â€Å"Weak sister† is an allusion to the supposed inferiority of women that refers to an ineffectual, unreliable, or weak person in a group. Meanwhile, a sister language is one in the same language family, such as Spanish as compared to Portuguese and vice versa, while a sister city is a municipality that has established a cultural-exchange connection with a city in another country. In construction, to sister is to strengthen a structural element by attaching a similar component to it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 150 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)One "L" or Two?

Understanding Parenthetical Elements

Understanding Parenthetical Elements A parenthetical element is a word or group of words that interrupts the flow of a sentence and adds additional (but nonessential) information to that sentence. This element can be long or short, and it can appear at the beginning, the middle, or the end of a clause or sentence. John, the second batter in the lineup, is a fast runner.Mildred is an excellent cook, as a matter of fact.Just this once, you should try mustard on your peanut butter sandwiches.The dog, after guarding the chewed-up toy for more than an hour, finally got tired of waiting for me to play with him. Types of Words or Word Groups that Can Be Parenthetical Elements: Appositives Example: The book, a 758 page monster, was required for my history class. Relative clauses Example: My professor, who eats lunch every day promptly at noon, was not available for discussion. Prepositional phrases Example: The turkey, after moments of deliberation, ate the bug. Phrases as examples Example:  Foods that are hot or spicy, e.g. jalapenos or hot wings, make my eyes water. You might think of the parenthetical element as a sudden thought that pops into your head as you are making a statement. Because it provides additional or supporting information to a complete sentence, the main part of the sentence should be able to stand alone without the words stated in the parenthetical element. The name parenthetical might cause confusion because it resembles the word parentheses. In fact, some parenthetical elements are so strong (they can be quite jolting) that they require parenthesis. The previous sentence provides an example! Here are a few more: My sister (the one standing on the chair) is trying to get your attention. The strawberry tart (the one with the bite taken out of it) belongs to me. Yesterday (the longest day of my life) I got my first speeding ticket. Punctuation for Parenthetical Elements The examples above show that parenthetical elements are usually set off by some form of punctuation in order to avoid confusion. The type of punctuation used actually depends on the degree of interruption caused by the interrupter. Commas are used when the interruption is least emphatic. If the sentence containing the parenthetical element flows pretty smoothly, then commas are a good choice: My friend, who doesn’t like to wear socks, is trying to give me his tennis shoes. Parentheses are used (as stated above) when the interrupting thought represents a bigger diversion from the original message or thought. Pizza is my favorite food (the brick oven kind is best).I think Ill go home now (the walk will do me good)  before I fall asleep on the job. But there is one more form of punctuation that you may use if you use an interrupting parenthetical element that really jolts the reader from the main thought. Dashes  are used for the most emphatic interruptions. Use dashes to set off a parenthetical element for a more dramatic effect.   My birthday party- what a surprise!- was a lot of fun. The frog- the one who jumped on the window and made me jump a mile- is now under my chair. I bit my lip- ouch!- to keep from speaking my mind.

Examine citically the ways in which Marxist Theory seek to establish a Essay

Examine citically the ways in which Marxist Theory seek to establish a relationship between Law and the Economy - Essay Example From the Instrumentalist point of view, capitalism and its effects on the working class is dependent upon the ruling class’ distribution of economic power. The economic base is understood to be accountable for determining all other social institutions such as criminal law, religion and the media. The media conveys mass communications that help maintain capitalism and historical documents assume that the wisdom of any time period is generally held by the ruling class. Business owners, the rich and the government, including the judicial system, control cultural structures to maintain the status quo which enables them to retain an element of supremacy. Thus, Capitalists’ power depends on the making and enforcement of the prevailing law. Instrumentalists assert, however, that the capitalist state must be relatively autonomous in order to best serve a capitalist society. â€Å"Its relative independence makes it possible for the state to play its class role in an approximate ly flexible manner.   If it really was a simple instrument of the ruling class, it would be fatally inhibited in the performance of its role.   Its agents absolutely need a measure of freedom in deciding how best to serve the existing social order.†2 Instrumentalists contend that the state works as an intentional and planned instrument for the supremacy over society: â€Å"Instrumental exercise of power by people in strategic positions who either manipulate state politics directly (direct instrumentality) or through the exercise of pressure on the state (indirect instrumentality).†3 While Marxist theorists agree that capitalism provides for the well-being of the social elite by the exploitation of the working class, some differ in their rationalizations of how a capitalist nation accomplishes this.   Instrumental Marxism views law as a tool of the ruling class

Managing&Leading Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing&Leading Change - Assignment Example The significance of the specific article can be identified in the fact that both the literature and the empirical research have been employed in order to prove the interaction between theory and practice in the case of change management. The authors have used the concepts of change management theory along with the views of postgraduate students – currently managers – who have studied change management and had to apply theory in practice. The specific study can be therefore characterized as quite effective addressing the entire key issues using appropriate theories and empirical data; its potential use by teachers in the change management field could be considered to be one of its distinctive advantages. As in any study, weak points also exist – as analyzed below. However, they cannot be considered as having a major influence on the study’s effectiveness in the change management sector. The structure of the specific study is clear; it is also aligned with its priorities – as set by the authors. The views of the literature are presented in the first section of the study which is clearly distinguished by its second part – under the title ‘study approach’. Despite the fact that material within the study is appropriately placed - the concepts highlighted are valuable, still there is a significant weakness: the analysis of the literature presented in the first section is limited – in fact in the first section the views of the authors on the issues mentioned in the literature cannot be identified. The views of theorists are just placed one after another with no analysis of the content. In this way the interpretation of the definitions and the concepts presented in the literature section is not available to the reader of the specific article; it could be assumed that the reader is offered the chance to make his own assumptions on the mater ial presented in the literature section – especially after studying the findings of the empirical research presented in the second part of the article.  Ã‚  

Overlapping talk and turns Essay Example for Free

Overlapping talk and turns Essay In face-to-face interactions within one language, when Ð ° speaker decides to talk, she can do so at almost any moment in the talk of another speaker. Thus, the potential exists for any one speaker to talk when Ð ° current speaker is already talking. Although many linguists have called this interruption, Bennett (1981) pointed out that when two people talk at the same time, the description of what is happening is overlap, whereas interruption is Ð ° judgment regarding individuals rights and obligations when speaking. Overlapping talk is not always nor consistently viewed by speakers as interruption ( Edelsky 1981 ; Murray 1985 ; Tannen 1989 ). Many American speakers, women for example, tolerate overlapping speech without labeling it interruption (James and Drakich 199o). The term overlap or overlapping talk, includes both brief spurts of talk and talk which could continue for longer. Instances of overlap include everything from brief listening responses, to indications of understanding or the lack of it, words of agreement or disagreement, and when two speakers begin talking at the same time. In simultaneous interpreting, one kind of overlapping talk is constantinterpreters talk as primary speakers are talking. This kind of simultaneous talk of speaker and interpreter, which, in face-to-face interpreting, can be seen or heard by all participants, is Ð ° marker of the unusual nature of an interpreting event. This Interlingua overlap becomes an accepted norm of these face-to-face encounters and is not the kind of overlapping talk discussed here. However, another kind of overlap occurs in interpreted encounters which require the interpreter to intervene. This is the overlapping talk that occurs between the two primary speakers. 6 This overlap can easily be understood because two participants can begin simultaneously, respond to anothers talk briefly or at length, ask Ð ° question, exclaim, and so on. This is not to say that overlapping talk by primary speakers is customary. In fact, it appears that, for the most part, participants in an interpreting situation are aware that something unusual is going on and adjust their usual habits of talkingthat is, they are more cautious about taking Ð ° turn, and, many times, are never sure when it is their turn. In any language there can be overlapping talk by speakers without noticeable disruption of interaction. But overlapping talk between two speakers in an interpreted meeting forces an interpreter to act. An interpreter cannot interpret two speakers at the same time; thus overlapping talk during interpreting has an impact different from when it occurs in ordinary conversation. When it occurs, two things are immediately apparent: (1) the possibility exist for three people to be talking; and (2) the interpreter must make Ð ° decision. Then the question is, what does the interpreter do, or rather what choices are available to the interpreter? 1. An interpreter can stop one (or both) speakers and allow the other speaker to continue. If an interpreter stops both speakers, then either the interpreter indicates who speaks next or one of the primary speakers decides who talks next. 2. An interpreter can momentarily ignore one speakers overlapping talk, hold the segment of talk in memory, continue interpreting the other speaker, and then produce the held talk immediately following the end of Ð ° speakers turn. Decisions about holding talk in ones memory lie within the interpreters ability to do so and the interpreters judgment regarding the importance or impact of the talk to be held in memory. 3. An interpreter can ignore overlapping talk completely. 4. An interpreter can momentarily ignore overlapping talk and upon finishing the interpretation of one speaker, offer the next turn to the other speaker, or indicate in some way that Ð ° turn was attempted. To stop Ð ° speaker, an interpreter has to do something, verbally and/or nonverbally, within microseconds of the overlapping talk. Although there may be several strategies in any language for stopping Ð ° speaker, interpreter’s also have to consider other factors, such as message importance, speaker relationships, and relative status or authority. Inevitably, interpreters have to choose strategies that work in specific situations with specific speakers. Because of the nature of interpreting employment, it is not unusual for interpreters to work in situations where they do not know the speakers or know them only slightly. This forces interpreter’s to learn the factors of Ð ° situation quickly. Thus, interpreters must know Ð ° wide range of communicative strategies and, as they learn about interlocutorsjust as interlocutors learn about participating in an interpreted eventthey make decisions about which strategies to use. This example is particularly rich with three instances of overlapping talk between the primary speakers. Two instances of overlap are within the first seven seconds of this segment, brief, and practically imperceptible. The third instance, however, is more dramatic. As three people begin to talk, the Interpreter has to do something. The first overlap occurs as the Professor begins Ð ° new topic. She has been discussing why the Students work is good but needs some corrections. Then, with almost no hesitation, the Professor switches to Ð ° new topic, chunking. At the beginning of this segment, YES is the Students response to the Professors previous utterance. As the Student says YES, the Professor simultaneously starts her new topic with Ch- but doesnt complete the word. This is the first instance of overlapping talk as the Professor and Student both utter together. Both contributions are brief; the Professor doesnt even finish her word so there is no need to stop them. The Professor appears to hear and understand the Yes, І agree rendered by the Interpreter. The second overlap occurs one line later when the Professor and the Student say chunking together. The Interpreter has let the Student know that the Professor is talking about chunking, and as the Professor says, І have no idea how, she sees the Student shrug; look puzzled, and shake his head. Although she pauses briefly, as she says, chunking again, so does the Student. As they say chunking together, they both see each other speak, and they laugh together briefly. Again, it seems Ð ° spontaneous occurrence, brief and ending quickly.

Freddie Prinze Jr. :: essays research papers fc

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freddie Prinze Jr. was born on March 8, 1976 in Las Angeles, California. He would have lived a dream life in Hollywood fame. But when he was only ten months old, his father, Freddie Sr. had his sitcom â€Å"Chico and the Man† canceled and got high on prescription drugs and shot himself. Freddie Jr.’s mother, Kathy Cochran, moved her family back to Albuquerque, New Mexico, knowing that if they stayed in Hollywood her son would be haunted by his father’s death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In New Mexico he met his best friend Chris Sandoval at Sandia Prep where he went for sixth to eighth grade. At his high-school, La Cueva he constantly cut classes and hardly ever studied, however he never got into drugs, for as he said, â€Å"My dad taught me one of the most valuable lessons in the world through his death, because he accidentally killed himself while using drugs. That’s why I will never use them.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After he graduated from high school, he started to think about acting. He started thinking about his father’s life and how he would want to live a similar life. His mother would tell him things about his father like this line from Freddie Prinze Jr., â€Å"She told me about how much he loved me, the way his face light up when he held me, about how he called me ‘Pie’, she told me I brought him a lot of joy as a baby.† He took an acting class and in 1994 (the year that he graduated) he got his first acting job. Acting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freddie’s first acting job was on the hit sitcom â€Å"Family Matters† where he had a four line part in an episode called The Gun. He knew just what to do, â€Å"I went to my father’s grave in Forest Lawn, I put my hand on his plaque and I said, ‘Thank you. I hope you’re watching now. I hope to make you proud.’† Soon he was starring on after school specials like Too Soon For Jeff, Detention: Siege At Johnson High, and The Watcher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freddie got his first big break in To Gillian On Her 37th birthday alongside Claire Danes, Peter Gallagher, and Michelle Pfeiffer. He played Joey Bost, Claire Danes’ rugged boy friend. Freddie then played a part in Mar Waters black comedy The House of Yes, about a twisted family preparing for a Thanksgiving Feast, or so we are to believe.

Contributions Of Community Pharmacies Health And Social Care Essay

In the United Kingdom, the parts of community pharmaceuticss to public wellness have non been clearly defined. As a effect they are non routinely integrated into the work of the wider public wellness household. Whilst it is ill-defined why this should be, it has been acknowledged that they have the potency of playing a important function in protecting and bettering population wellness, placing forms of disease and supplying wellness and societal surveillance information to public wellness organic structures ( Department of Health 2005a ; RPSGB 2003 ) . The function of the community pharmaceutics in public wellness remains to be to the full exploited, even though they have been progressively involved in wellness betterment activities such as services aimed at smoking surcease, sexual wellness and substance abuse services, etc, as laid out in the contractual model for community pharmaceuticss ( DOH 2005b ) . An of import country of public wellness where community pharmaceuticss have been least involved is in wellness protection, and they have the potencies of complementing present attempts in surveillance of infective diseases and supplying support to affected population during an eruption. In Wales, wellness protection is one of the cardinal duties of the Public Health Wales ( PHW ) Health Protection unit and the Catching Disease Surveillance Centre ( CDSC ) is the arm responsible for surveillance of infective diseases, support for outbreak probes and proviso of wellness intelligence and applied research ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . Soon, there are no enterprises or policies to officially prosecute the wellness protection unit of the Public Health Wales and community pharmaceuticss to work together on wellness protection whereby everyday intelligence and surveillance information are exchanged ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . These surveillances information could be in signifier of supervising tendencies of nonprescription ( OTC ) gross revenues informations ( e.g anti-diarrhoeal, anti-fungal, cold and cough redresss, etc. ) to observe eruptions, and routinely supplying community pharmaceuticss with eruptions and surveillance studies to enable them supply support to affected population. Policy Framework Analysis: In order to accomplish a successful policy alteration, a prospective policy analysis of the issue at manus ( Analysis for policy ) , which is iterative and dynamic will be undertaken ( Buse. 2005 ) . The diagram below high spots the different facets of the policy analysis and is explained in inside informations under the policy headings – content, context, histrions and procedure.Need for alteration ( Policy Content ) :There is a demand to germinate the functions of the wellness protection units and CDSC of PHW to include everyday communicating with community pharmaceuticss in order to better their effectivity in surveillance and sensing of infective diseases eruptions and protection of population wellness in Wales. This formal battle of community pharmaceuticss with the PHW Health Protection unit is of import as a consequence of increasing cognition and consciousness of its possible benefits. During the eruption of E. Coli O157 in South Wales in September 2005 which affected about 150 people ( with 1 decease recorded ) , the pharmaceutics squad of the so NPHS Wales noted anecdotal studies that community druggists had been consulted with respects to the sale of anti-diarrhoeal readyings ( Walker 2009 ) . Besides during the eruption of viral pinkeye in South Wales in August 2006, GPs and community pharmaceuticss were advised against the usage of ophthalmic Chloromycetin and there was grounds of public wellness protection by those pharmaceuticss that acted on the advice ( Hinchliffe and Walker 2008 ) . These are arrows to the fact that community pharmaceuticss can play a important function in public wellness protection.Policy Context ;Public or authorities policy has been described as a determination that a authorities decides or decides non to do ( Dye 2001 ) . In the current political context in Wales since degeneration in 1999, the WAG has adopted the â€Å" citizens â⠂¬Ëœ theoretical account † of wellness service bringing where the populace have rights and duties in both having wellness services, and guaranting handiness of the services to everyone ( Welsh Assembly Government 2004 ; Beecham Report 2006 ) . Therefore, the current policy environment in Wales can be said to be pluralist and the major contextual factors asking a demand for alteration at this point in clip are structural and endogenous in nature. These include the acknowledgment by the UK Department of Health ( 2005a ) that community pharmaceuticss are untapped resources in protecting public wellness and the committednesss of the Welsh Assembly Government in its One Wales a progressive docket for the authorities of Wales, which aims to protect the wellness of the population with one of its wellness precedences of beef uping public wellness services ( Welsh Assembly Government 2007 ) . Furthermore, improved electronic connectivity in community pharmaceuticss ( RPSGB, 2008 ) will let for easy and speedy transmittal and reception of informations and information for surveillance activities. Last, addition in the cognition that early sensing and control of infective diseases outbreaks in the population through an efficient surveillance system significantly reduces its load on the wellness of the population and saves costs of intervention and infirmary admittance, therefore bettering public assurance in the authorities.Policy Stakeholders ( Actors ) :This measure involves placing the policy histrions and understanding their place and involvements with regard to the issue of affecting community pharmaceuticss in PHW ‘s wellness protection ( Buse, 2005 ) . This is of import in order to accomplish alteration and guarantee its successful execution and sustainability. Welsh Assembly Government: Is a cardinal stakeholder in doing and implementing the policy by presenting the policy instrument in the signifier of an official statement and/or ordinance. The undermentioned histrions in the WAG include: The Department of Health and Social Services: oversees all wellness related maps in Wales including â€Å" reding the Welsh Assembly Government in puting policies and schemes for wellness and societal attention in Wales † ( Welsh Assembly Government, 2010a ) and is cardinal in decision-making with respects to O.K.ing the policy and presenting the policy instrument on behalf of the authorities. The Department of Public Health and Health Professions ( DPHHP ) : headed by the Chief Medical Officer for Wales, reports to the Department of Health and Social Services and has the aim of protecting the wellness of the peoples and being prepared for wellness exigencies ( WAG 2010b ) . Chief Health Professionals: including the main medical officer, main pharmaceutical advisor and others who provide expert cognition in public wellness and related specializer countries to the WAG and other external organic structures to protect and better public wellness. Public Health Wales ( PHW ) : In October 2009, the new NHS trust established by the WAG became operational, integrating the maps and services provided by the NPHS Wales, Wales Centre for Health ( WCfH ) , WCISU and the Screening Services Wales. PHW is to supply resources, advice and information to the WAG, and all Wales NHS Trusts, Local Health boards, etc, enabling them to transport out their statutory public Health maps ( Public Health Wales 2009 ) . Its Health protection unit has as one of its strategic ends to cut down the impact of infective diseases and exigencies in the population and delivers this through its Health Protection Teams and the Centre for Communicable Diseases Surveillance ( CCDS ) among others ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . The PHW is a cardinal histrion in accomplishing successful policy alterations since they will be straight involved in the execution of the policy. Public Health Consultants in Wales: including Advisers in Catching Diseases and Control would be portion of the policy alteration procedure in obtaining experts inputs in their assorted specialised Fieldss, and most particularly pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be chief advocators and innovators of the policy alteration. Community Pharmacy Wales ( CPW ) : is the local pattern forum for Wales and is possibly the most important stakeholder as community pharmaceuticss are at the other terminal of the spectrum for execution and the policy alteration affects them straight and the manner they operate. CPW represents the involvements of the over 700 community pharmaceuticss in Wales and are recognized by the WAG as the negociating organic structure on behalf of pharmaceutics contractors, taking the function from the PSNC ‘s Welsh commission following degeneration ( CPW, [ no day of the month ] ) . Nation-wide Chain Pharmacy Stores: These are peculiarly of import stakeholders since their operations span across the different UK states and are likely to hold an integrated IT system for staff and information direction. Their positions are of import since they represent a big ball of community pharmaceuticss, for illustration in Wales of the 714 community pharmaceuticss, 91 are owned by Boots ( Walker 2009 ) . Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) : is the regulative and professional organic structure for druggists and pharmaceutics technicians in the Britain with primary aims â€Å" to take, modulate, develop and stand for the profession of pharmaceutics † ( RPSGB, 2010a ) . Since more than half of the over 2300 druggists in Wales work in the community ( RPSGB, 2010b ) , the RPSGB is an of import histrion in stand foring their involvements and in guaranting that the policy is successfully made and implemented. The Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE ) : is an operational unit of the Welsh School of pharmaceutics, Cardiff University and provides go oning professional development chances ( CPD ) for the pharmaceutics squad in Wales ( WCPPE, 2010 ) . The WCPPE is of import as a policy histrion in fashioning and supplying a CPD programme for community druggists in Wales as a portion of the policy execution procedure in guaranting its success and continuity/sustainability. Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) : in the UK is the organic structure that sets criterions for public wellness specializers and purposes to advance promotions in public wellness cognition and keep the highest degree of professional criterions ( FPH, 2010 ) . The FPH is a major advocator for public wellness in the UK and hammering an effectual partnership with it in pursing this policy alteration is important for puting the policy on the docket and guaranting that it remains there up till its execution and rating. National Pharmacy Association ( NPA ) : is the trade association for community pharmaceuticss in the UK and aims to stand for, support and protect their involvements ( NPA, 2010 ) . The NPA is a potentially of import histrion in the policy procedure since their place can do or impair the execution of the policy. The Media: Is an first-class agencies of acquiring the issue on the docket and in puting the ball turn overing for treatments among different histrions ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The advocates of the policy alteration may use a sponsored intelligence docudrama particularly foregrounding past effects of eruptions ( including human deaths ) and ways in which the community pharmaceuticss could hold provided of import surveillance information to the PHW and the populace and intervened to supply support to affected population.Other Stakeholders will include:Welsh Medicines Resource Centre ( WeMeReC ) Local Health Boards in Wales Board of Community Health Council in Wales The Media The Welsh Office of Research and Development for Heath and Social Care ( WORD ) As a portion of the policy analysis model, after placing the political histrions, measuring their political powers and measuring their involvements, places and committednesss ( Buse et al, 2005 ) , an abridged stakeholder analysis and sum-up of their power distribution is shown in Table 1 below.Table 1: Stakeholder Analysis ( Varvasovszky and Brugha, ( 2000 ) :SupportAgainst ( Opposition )ImpersonalWelsh Assembly Government ( WAG ) Community Pharmacy Wales ( CPW ) Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE ) Public Health Wales ( PHW ) National Pharmacy Association ( NPA ) Media Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) RPSGB WeMeReC Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) Nation-wide Pharmacy Stores, e.g. Boots Pharmacy Board of Community Health Council in Wales Advisers of Public Health in Wales Local Health Boards in Wales MediaPolicy ProcedureDespite the pluralist nature of the political system in Wales, Luke ‘s first dimension of power may non capture the full scope of relationships that exists, while his 2nd dimension of power may be utile in explicating the docket puting procedure ( Buse et al. 2005 ) since different policy histrions all have changing powers to protect their involvements. Policy alteration here would use the incrementalist attack which would affect â€Å" puddling through † the policy position quo which will include a new function for the Public Health Wales ( i.e. everyday communicating of surveillance information with community pharmaceuticss ) and community pharmaceuticss ( i.e. supplying OTC gross revenues informations to PHW ) . The four-staged ( additive ) policy procedure – docket scene, policy preparation, policy execution and policy rating, provides a utile heuristic device ( Stages Heuristics ) which is utile in explicating the policy procedure, even though it is a cyclical procedure in world ( Hogwood and Gunn 1984 ) . Agenda Setting: Introducing this policy alteration onto the WAG docket may non be achieved following the â€Å" politics-as-usual † attack where the WAG comes to find and acknowledge that there is a major issue to be addressed ( Buse et al. 2005 ) . The Hall ‘s theoretical account ( 1975 ) cited in Buse et Al ( 2005 ) will be of import in conveying the issue to the attending of the WAG since its legitimacy, feasibleness and support can be deemed as high and pursued by the histrions: Legitimacy ; Expanding the function of community pharmaceuticss to complement current attempts at public wellness protection and affecting them to supply support to affected population after an eruption is a legitimate end in footings of presenting the WAG aim of wellness protection. It is besides underpinned by several studies ( DOH 2005a, RPSGB 2003 ) recommending more engagement of community pharmaceuticss in wellness protection. Feasibility ; Achieving the policy alteration will supply a platform at maximising available resources for wellness protection as the policy alteration will non necessitate any major extra fiscal and human resources in footings of chance costs. It involves spread outing the duties of the PHW wellness protection squads to routinely pass oning with community pharmaceuticss in their local governments and analyzing informations obtained from them as portion of surveillance. It is extremely executable, maximizes finite human and fiscal resources of authorities. Support ; A possible challenge in the policy procedure is acquiring equal support particularly from community pharmaceuticss and their different organic structures. Since its non portion of the contractual model of community pharmaceuticss and no commercial wagess, community pharmaceuticss may look non concerted. However, this challenge can be addressed by equal protagonism and lobbying with the pharmaceutics groups ( CPW, NPA, RPSGB ) and guaranting that support is obtained. From the authorities position, support from the public wellness advisers and civil retainers ( curate, managers, etc. ) would be sought after by the pharmaceutical public wellness advisers and spouses recommending for the alteration. Public Health Consultants in Wales, in peculiar pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be the title-holder of the policy alteration by first accepting the demand for alteration and propagating the message particularly through the media. Health Protection Unit of the PHW who are a portion of the policy implementers would be involved in this early phase to guarantee their support, while other parts of the PHW including the Public Health Strategic Management Group would be carried along. Community pharmaceuticss on the other manus may turn out hard ab initio, but strong protagonism and usage of political resources available particularly through the RPSGB would guarantee cooperation. Advocacy by druggists and advisers working within PHW to the RPSGB, CPW and NPA and the usage of informal meetings and formal unit of ammunition table treatments between these stakeholders will guarantee support. The support of the FPH would be required since it plays a important function in protagonism for public wellness policy alteration ( FPH, 2010 ) .Policy FormulationOnce the issue gets on the authorities docket, a series of complex activities takes topographic point within the policy web ( procedure and histrions ) , with the histrions exerting their political powers and resources to prosecute their involvements in the policy. The usage of public audience is a tool often used by the WAG ( Strategic Policy Unit ) in policy devising procedures, which would convey the policy web together to consider and supply proficient information on the policy. At this phase and based on dialogues, the concluding inside informations and accommodations of the policy alteration would be made before it is formulated. Policy preparation takes topographic point by passage of the policy through an appropriate policy instrument which in this instance may be done through the issue of an official policy statement/circular by the Minister of Health and Social Services. This policy so flows down the hierarchy of the civil service and NHS to the PHW which so implements it. Community pharmacies either through the CPW, RPSGB and/or NPA will besides publish policy statements to all its members to move as appropriate with the PHW. Further reappraisals and treatments at a ulterior clip during and after ratings have been carried out may so take to farther dialogue and determination on whether or non to include the policy in the community pharmaceutics contractual model.Policy ExecutionExecution is the most of import facet of the policy procedure since it is where alteration is expected to happen. Using the â€Å" Bottom-Up † attack would affect the implementers ; in this instance the PHW Health Protection Unit and community pharmaceuticss ( CPW ) , to interact in the political procedure of execution ( Buse, 2005 ) . Conflicts are bound to originate during execution but it is of import in placing challenges and supplying feedbacks for rating and for alteration of attack. The â€Å" Top-down † attack to policy execution would be used to sketch the administrative and managerial facets including sketching ends and schemes, and delegating quantitative marks to guarantee that the policy bringing can be monitored and evaluated to place countries for betterment. Execution of the policy may merely bring forth a fringy incremental alteration which is easy to supervise and requires really small human and fiscal resources. Successful execution is an iterative procedure which and requires regular inputs and active engagement of the members of the policy web. This can be achieved through a regular stakeholders ‘ forum for treatments, suggestions and ratings. One other of import facet of the execution is to include wellness protection as a Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) programme for community pharmaceuticss. This facet would affect the RPSGB and WCPPE, guaranting sustainability of the alteration and can be achieved through active protagonism.Policy EvaluationEvaluation in a policy procedure is iterative and may be done at any phase of the policy procedure in order to measure the degrees of advancement that has been made. Formative rating of the policy will be carried out during the policy docket scene, preparation and execution phases to modify and develop the concluding policy in order to suit the positions of differing powerful histrions. Summational ratings on the other manus would be focussed to mensurate the degree of impacts of early sensing of infective diseases outbreak achieved by the policy alteration over a period of clip ( Buse et al, 2005 ) . Evaluation of the policy may include the usage of epidemiological surveies such as ecological and instance control surveies to measure the effectivity of observing eruptions of infective diseases as a consequence of affecting community pharmaceuticss in surveillance in comparing with other countries of the UK. It involves the aggregation and usage of qualitative and quantitative informations to measure the effectivity of the policy alteration. The usage of the Donabedian ‘s Structure-Process-Outcome Model to gestate the policy rating is described in table 2 below.Donabedian Framework for Policy EvaluationStructure/Input:Administrative/Managerial ComponentsNumber of PHW Health Protection Teams and Community Pharmacies involvedUse of IT resourcesResultEarly sensing of eruptions by community pharmaceuticss taking to reduced load of infective diseases Reduced burden/morbidity of infective diseases in the populationProcess/Activities:Routine ( Weekly or Monthly ) communicating and exchange of wellness protection studies and infection diseases surveillance informations Actions taken by community pharmaceuticss to back up affected population Whether or non Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) on wellness protection has been introduced to community pharmaceuticssEnd productSum of eruptions detected through usage of community pharmaceuticss surveillance informations Sum of outbreak instances handled by community pharmaceuticss ( referrals and actions taken ) Number of community pharmaceuticss taking the CPD on wellness protectionDrumhead

Mcdonalds Case Study

McDonald’s case study For at least 30 years McDonald’s had the lead consumer base in the fast food market. They seemed to have the market monopolized, however in time it’s consumer base drifted away. It would appear that Mcdonalds had become comfortable in the position it was in and put little to no emphases on product variety or quality and simply focused on the speed and convinience as the customer draw. Mcdonalds was suffering from low growth and market base as well as decreasing profits. The factors which affected this low growth and lack of profit was not only its competitors but also public opinion of the quality and variety of the food not being up to the same standards of the competition such as Wendy’s or Burger king. Public opinion on Mcdonalds was that the food it sold was of poor quality with little to no variety and people would sacrifice the convinience and speed of their order for taste and variety. To solve this problem Mcdonalds needs to bring back the once reliable customers that it lost to the competition. This can be done a few different ways. – Introduce new aspects to the existing menu, maybe different choices for existing products, possible rebrand and remarket some of these products with a possible price break. – Possibly improve the flavour of its beef as to improve the taste in all its burgers. -Introduce new items on the menu similar to products of the competition ie. Burger King and Wendy’s. – New slogan, new product apperance on the cups and containers. This is to represent the â€Å"new† Mcdonalds. The previous list of ideas can be implemented the easiest by a complete marketing blitz of the new product line and image for the company. The size of the company allows it to have the resources to do this type of campaign with very little financial risk, basically the company has nothing to loose but more customers. Mcdonalds Case Study McDonald’s case study For at least 30 years McDonald’s had the lead consumer base in the fast food market. They seemed to have the market monopolized, however in time it’s consumer base drifted away. It would appear that Mcdonalds had become comfortable in the position it was in and put little to no emphases on product variety or quality and simply focused on the speed and convinience as the customer draw. Mcdonalds was suffering from low growth and market base as well as decreasing profits. The factors which affected this low growth and lack of profit was not only its competitors but also public opinion of the quality and variety of the food not being up to the same standards of the competition such as Wendy’s or Burger king. Public opinion on Mcdonalds was that the food it sold was of poor quality with little to no variety and people would sacrifice the convinience and speed of their order for taste and variety. To solve this problem Mcdonalds needs to bring back the once reliable customers that it lost to the competition. This can be done a few different ways. – Introduce new aspects to the existing menu, maybe different choices for existing products, possible rebrand and remarket some of these products with a possible price break. – Possibly improve the flavour of its beef as to improve the taste in all its burgers. -Introduce new items on the menu similar to products of the competition ie. Burger King and Wendy’s. – New slogan, new product apperance on the cups and containers. This is to represent the â€Å"new† Mcdonalds. The previous list of ideas can be implemented the easiest by a complete marketing blitz of the new product line and image for the company. The size of the company allows it to have the resources to do this type of campaign with very little financial risk, basically the company has nothing to loose but more customers.

The Four Market Structures

The Four Market Structures Free Online Research Papers Economists group industries into four distinct market structures: pure competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly (McConnell Brue 2004). Understanding the different market structures will help to understand how price and output are determined and will also help to evaluate the efficiency or inefficiency of those markets (McConnell Brue 2004). This paper will briefly explain each market structure and will also explain how Quasar Computers evolved through each structure. Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition is defined as â€Å"a market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products, each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole† (InvestorWords, 2008). Quasar Computers is under intense competition within the computer industry. The company pioneered an optical notebook computer; new competitors have entered the market making optical technology easily available. Quasar planned ahead and set aside $200 million to develop their brand and keep their product differentiated. By thinking ahead and being proactive Quasar proved that they were ready for the monopolistic competition. Oligopoly Quasar Commuters has evolved into an oligopoly market because the patent on the optical technology expired. â€Å"Oligopoly involves only a few sellers of a standardized or differentiated product; so each firm is affected by the decisions of its rivals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brue, McConnell, 2004). Orion Technologies has entered the optical notebook market. Quasar must effectively price and advertise their product in order to gain additional market share from Orion. Orion competitively lowers their product price to beat the price of Quasar, causing Quasar to lose additional market share. Although Orion is lowering its prices and increasing its market share, the company is not increasing its revenue. A balance must be made between the cost of the product to be sold and the amount of revenue that each company will achieve. Perfect Competition Characteristics that make perfect competition unique are the market usually involves identical, standardized products that are produced in mass quantities. Perfect competition products do not set pricing and market entry and exit is easy for an organization. Quasar recently acquired a controlling interest in Opticom the organization whom supplies Quasar with Optical Display Screens (ODS). Quasar is trying to determine the best strategy for making the organization profitable. A requirement of the perfect competition market is that products are identical; product improvements will mean Quasar’s products are no longer similar to their competitors’ products resulting in above-market profits. Eventually, Quasar’s competitors will duplicate their products, which could decrease market prices and revenue. Monopoly Even though a monopolist r is a price maker, cost cannot be passed on to customers. Quasar has to be careful in raising their prices. This is due to a downward slope, by a monopolist. However, an increase will lead to a decrease in demand. Therefore, to improve profits even a monopoly player has to invest in advertising, improve productivity, and eventually cutting costs [This sentence is confusing. Rework for clarity and conciseness. (16b)] . Quasar’s advertising team or department has to strategize carefully their planning, therefore, by not to increase significantly, customers like when prices fair are and reasonable. [This sentence is long and confusing. Please rewrite for clarity.(16)] Realistically consumers like bargains, uniqueness, and easiness. Conclusion Quasar computers have had the opportunity to operate in all market structures. By learning and understanding those market structures, Quasar has effectively made smart business decisions when faced with the challenges of operating in each market structures. Quasar has a better comprehension of price and output determination. Making more informed and educated decisions has enabled Quasar to evaluate their efficiency or inefficiency more in-depth in their respective markets. Research Papers on The Four Market StructuresDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringStandardized Testing

What Is Statistical Significance How Is It Calculated

What Is Statistical Significance How Is It Calculated SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've ever read a wild headline like, "Study Shows Chewing Rocks Prevents Cancer," you've probably wondered how that could be possible. If you look closer at this type of article you may find that the sample size for the study was a mere handful of people. If one person in a group of five chewed rocks and didn't get cancer, does that mean chewing rocks prevented cancer? Definitely not. The study for such a conclusion doesn't have statistical significance- though the study was performed, its conclusions don't really mean anything because the sample size was small. So what is statistical significance, and how do you calculate it? In this article, we'll cover what it is, when it's used, and go step-by-step through the process of determining if an experiment is statistically significant on your own. What Is Statistical Significance? As I mentioned above, the fake study about chewing rocks isn't statistically significant. What that means is that the conclusion reached in it isn't valid, because there's not enough evidence that what happened was not random chance. A statistically significant result would be one where, after rigorous testing, you reach a certain degree of confidence in the results. We call that degree of confidence our confidence level, which demonstrates how sure we are that our data was not skewed by random chance. More specifically, the confidence level is the likelihood that an interval will contain values for the parameter we're testing. There are three major ways of determining statistical significance: If you run an experiment and your p-value is less than your alpha (significance) level, your test is statistically significant If your confidence interval doesn't contain your null hypothesis value, your test is statistically significant If your p-value is less than your alpha, your confidence interval will not contain your null hypothesis value, and will therefore be statistically significant This info probably doesn't make a whole lot of sense if you're not already acquainted with the terms involved in calculating statistical significance, so let's take a look at what it means in practice. Say, for example, that we want to determine the average typing speed of 12-year-olds in America. We'll confirm our results using the second method, our confidence interval, as it's the simplest to explain quickly. First, we'll need to set our p-value, which tells us the probability of our results being at least as extreme as they were in our sample data if our null hypothesis (a statement that there is no difference between tested information), such as that all 12-year-old students type at the same speed) is true. A typical p-value is 5 percent, or 0.05, which is appropriate for many situations but can be adjusted for more sensitive experiments, such as in building airplanes. For our experiment, 5 percent is fine. If our p-value is 5 percent, our confidence level is 95 percent- it's always the inverse of your p-value. Our confidence level expresses how sure we are that, if we were to repeat our experiment with another sample, we would get the same averages- it is not a representation of the likelihood that the entire population will fall within this range. Testing the typing speed of every 12-year-old in America is unfeasible, so we'll take a sample- 100 12-year-olds from a variety of places and backgrounds within the US. Once we average all that data, we determine the average typing speed of our sample is 45 words per minute, with a standard deviation of five words per minute. From there, we can extrapolate that the average typing speed of 12-year-olds in America is somewhere between $45 - 5z$ words per minute and $45 + 5z$ words per minute. That's our confidence interval- a range of numbers we can be confident contain our true value, in this case the real average of the typing speed of 12-year-old Americans. Our z-score, ‘z,' is determined by our confidence value. In our case, given our confidence value, that would look like $45 - 5(1.96)$ and $45 + 5(1.96)$, making our confidence interval 35.2 to 54.8. A wider confidence interval, say with a standard deviation of 15 words per minute, would give us more confidence that the true average of the entire population would fall in that range ($45Â ± \bo{15}(1.96)$), but would be less accurate. More importantly for our purposes, if your confidence interval doesn't include the null hypothesis, your result is statistically significant. Since our results demonstrate that not all 12-year-olds type the same speed, our results are significant. One reason you might set your confidence rating lower is if you are concerned about sampling errors. A sampling error, which is a common cause for skewed data, is what happens when your study is based on flawed data. For example, if you polled a group of people at McDonald's about their favorite foods, you'd probably get a good amount of people saying hamburgers. If you polled the people at a vegan restaurant, you'd be unlikely to get the same results, so if your conclusion from the first study is that most peoples' favorite food is hamburgers, you're relying on a sampling error. It's important to remember that statistical significance is not necessarily a guarantee that something is objectively true. Statistical significance can be strong or weak, and researchers can factor in bias or variances to figure out how valid the conclusion is. Any rigorous study will have numerous phases of testing- one person chewing rocks and not getting cancer is not a rigorous study. Essentially, statistical significance tells you that your hypothesis has basis and is worth studying further. For example, say you have a suspicion that a quarter might be weighted unevenly. If you flip it 100 times and get 75 heads and 25 tails, that might suggest that the coin is rigged. That result, which deviates from expectations by over 5 percent, is statistically significant. Because each coin flip has a 50/50 chance of being heads or tails, these results would tell you to look deeper into it, not that your coin is definitely rigged to flip heads over tails. The results are statistically significant in that there is a clear tendency to flip heads over tails, but that itself is not an indication that the coin is flawed. What Is Statistical Significance Used For? Statistical significance is important in a variety of fields- any time you need to test whether something is effective, statistical significance plays a role. This can be very simple, like determining whether the dice produced for a tabletop role-playing game are well-balanced, or it can be very complex, like determining whether a new medicine that sometimes causes an unpleasant side effect is still worth releasing. Statistical significance is also frequently used in business to determine whether one thing is more effective than another. This is called A/B testing- two variants, one A and one B, are tested to see which is more successful. In school, you're most likely to learn about statistical significance in a science or statistics context, but it can be applied in a great number of fields. Any time you need to determine whether something is demonstrably true or just up to chance, you can use statistical significance! How to Calculate Statistical Significance Calculating statistical significance is complex- most people use calculators rather than try to solve equations by hand. Z-test calculators and t-test calculators are two ways you can drastically slim down the amount of work you have to do. However, learning how to calculate statistical significance by hand is a great way to ensure you really understand how each piece works. Let's go through the process step by step! Step 1: Set a Null Hypothesis To set up calculating statistical significance, first designate your null hypothesis, or H0. Your null hypothesis should state that there is no difference between your data sets. For example, let's say we're testing the effectiveness of a fertilizer by taking half of a group of 20 plants and treating half of them with fertilizer. Our null hypothesis will be something like, "This fertilizer will have no effect on the plant's growth." Step 2: Set an Alternative Hypothesis Next, you need an alternative hypothesis, Ha. Your alternative hypothesis is generally the opposite of your null hypothesis, so in this case it would be something like, "This fertilizer will cause the plants who get treated with it to grow faster." Step 3: Determine Your Alpha Third, you'll want to set the significance level, also known as alpha, or ÃŽ ±. The alpha is the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when that hypothesis is true. In the case of our fertilizer example, the alpha is the probability of concluding that the fertilizer does make plants treated with it grow more when the fertilizer does not actually have an effect. An alpha of 0.05, or 5 percent, is standard, but if you're running a particularly sensitive experiment, such as testing a medicine or building an airplane, 0.01 may be more appropriate. For our fertilizer experiment, a 0.05 alpha is fine. Your confidence level is $1 - ÃŽ ±(100%)$, so if your alpha is 0.05, that makes your confidence level 95%. Again, your alpha can be changed depending on the sensitivity of the experiment, but most will use 0.05. Step 4: One- or Two-Tailed Test Fourth, you'll need to decide whether a one- or two-tailed test is more appropriate. One-tailed tests examine the relationship between two things in one direction, such as if the fertilizer makes the plant grow. A two-tailed test measures in two directions, such as if the fertilizer makes the plant grow or shrink. Since in our example we don't want to know if the plant shrinks, we'd choose a one-tailed test. But if we were testing something more complex, like whether a particular ad placement made customers more likely to click on it or less likely to click on it, a two-tailed test would be more appropriate. A two-tailed test is also appropriate if you're not sure which direction the results will go, just that you think there will be an effect. For example, if you wanted to test whether or not adding salt to boiling water while making pasta made a difference to taste, but weren't sure if it would have a positive or negative effect, you'd probably want to go with a two-tailed test. Step 5: Sample Size Next, determine your sample size. To do so, you'll conduct a power analysis, which gives you the probability of seeing your hypothesis demonstrated given a particular sample size. Statistical power tells us the probability of us accepting an alternative, true hypothesis over the null hypothesis. A higher statistical power gives lowers our probability of getting a false negative response for our experiment. In the case of our fertilizer experiment, a higher statistical power means that we will be less likely to accept that there is no effect from fertilizer when there is, in fact, an effect. A power analysis consists of four major pieces: The effect size, which tells us the magnitude of a result within the population The sample size, which tells us how many observations we have within the sample The significance level, which is our alpha The statistical power, which is the probability that we accept an alternative hypothesis if it is true Many experiments are run with a typical power, or ÃŽ ², of 80 percent. Because these calculations are complex, it's not recommended to try to calculate them by hand- instead, most people will use a calculator like this one to figure out their sample size. Conducting a power analysis lets you know how big of a sample size you'll need to determine statistical significance. If you only test on a handful of samples, you may end up with a result that's inaccurate- it may give you a false positive or a false negative. Doing an accurate power analysis helps ensure that your results are legitimate. Step 6: Find Standard Deviation Sixth, you'll be calculating the standard deviation, $s$ (also sometimes written as $ÏÆ'$). This is where the formula gets particularly complex, as this tells you how spread out your data is. The formula for standard deviation of a sample is: $$s = √{{∑(x_i – Â µ)^2}/(N – 1)}$$ In this equation, $s$ is the standard deviation $∑$ tells you to sum all the data you collected $x_i$ is each individual data $Â µ$ is the mean of your data for each group $N$ is your total sample So, to work this out, let's go with our preliminary fertilizer test on ten plants, which might give us data something like this: Plant Growth (inches) 1 2 2 1 3 4 4 5 5 3 6 1 7 5 8 4 9 4 10 4 We need to average that data, so we add it all together and divide by the total sample number. $(2 + 1 + 4 + 5 + 3 + 1 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 4) / 10 = 3.3$ Next, we subtract each sample from the average $(x_i – Â µ)$, which will look like this: Plant Growth (inches) $x_i – Â µ$ 1 2 1.3 2 1 2.3 3 4 -0.7 4 5 -1.7 5 3 0.3 6 1 2.3 7 5 -1.7 8 4 -0.7 9 4 -0.7 10 4 -0.7 Now we square all of those numbers and add them together. $1.32 + 2.32 + -0.72 + -1.72 + 0.32 + 2.32 + -1.72 + -0.72 + -0.72 + -0.72 = 20.1$ Next, we'll divide that number by the total sample number, N, minus 1. $20.1/9 = 2.23$ And finally, to find the standard deviation, we'll take the square root of that number. $√2.23=1.4933184523$ But that's not the end. We also need to calculate the variance between sample groups, if we have more than one sample group. In our case, let's say that we did a second experiment where we didn't add fertilizer so we could see what the growth looked like on its own, and these were our results: Plant Growth (inches) 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 5 3 6 1 7 1 8 2 9 1 10 1 So let's run through the standard deviation calculation again. #1: Average Data $1 + 1 + 2+ 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 14$ $14/10 = 1.4$ #2: Subtract each sample from the average $(x_i – Â µ)$. $0.4 + 0.4 + (-0.4) + 0.4 + (-1.6) + 0.4 + 0.4 + (-0.4) + 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.4$ #3: Divide the last number by the total sample number, N, minus 1. $0.4/9=0.0444$ #4: Take the square root of the previous number. $√0.0444 = 0.2107130751$ Step 7: Run Standard Error Formula Okay, now we have our two standard deviations (one for the group with fertilizer, one for the group without). Next, we need to run through the standard error formula, which is: $$s_d = √((s_1/N_1) + (s_2/N_2))$$ In this equation: $s_d$ is the standard error $s_1$ is the standard deviation of group one $N_1$ is the sample size of group one $s_2$ is the standard deviation of group two $N_2$ is the sample size of group two So let's work through this. First, let's figure out $s_1/N_1$. With our numbers, that becomes $1.4933184523/10$, or 0.14933184523. Next, let's do $s_2/N_2$. With our numbers, that becomes $0.2107130751/10$, or 0.02107130751. Next, we need to add those two numbers together. $0.14933184523 + 0.02107130751 = 0.17040315274$ And finally, we'll take the square root: $√0.17040315274 = 0.41279916756$ So our standard error $s_d$, is 0.41279916756. Step 8: Find t-Score But we're still not done! Now you're probably seeing why most people use a calculator for this. Next up: t-score. Your t-score is what allows you to compare your data to other data, which tells you the probability of the two groups being significantly different. The formula for t-score is $$t = (Â µ_1 – Â µ_2)/s_d$$ where: $t$ is the t-score $Â µ_1$ is the average of group one $Â µ_2$ is the average of group two $s_d$ is the standard error So for our numbers, this equation would look like: $t = (3.3 - 1.4)/0.41279916756$ $t = 4.60272246001$ Step 9: Find Degrees of Freedom We're almost there! Next, we'll find our degrees of freedom ($df$), which tells you how many values in a calculation can vary acceptably. To calculate this, we add the number of samples in each group and subtract two. In our case, that looks like this: $$(10 + 10) - 2 = 18$$ Step 10: Use a T-Table to Find Statistical Significance And now we'll use a t-table to figure out whether our conclusions are significant. To use the t-table, we first look on the left-hand side for our $df$, which in this case is 18. Next, scan along that row of variances until you find ours, which we'll round to 4.603. Whoa! We're off the chart! Scan upward until you see the p-values at the top of the chart and you'll find that our p-value is something smaller than 0.0005, which is well below our significance level. So is our study on whether our fertilizer makes plants grow taller valid? The final stage of determining statistical significance is comparing your p-value to your alpha. In this case, our alpha is 0.05, and our p-value is well below 0.05. Since one of the methods of determining statistical significance is to demonstrate that your p-value is less than your alpha level, we've succeeded! The data seems to suggest that our fertilizer does make plants grow, and with a p-value of 0.0005 at a significance level of 0.05, it's definitely significant! Now, if we're doing a rigorous study, we should test again on a larger scale to verify that the results can be replicated and that there weren't any other variables at work to make the plants taller. Tools to Use For Statistical Significance Calculators make calculating statistical significance a lot easier. Most people will do their calculations this way instead of by hand, as doing them without tools is more likely to introduce errors in an already sensitive process. To get you started, here are some calculators you can use to make your work simpler: How to Calculate T-Score on a TI-83 Find Sample Size and Confidence Interval T-Test Calculator T-Test Formula for Excel Find P-Value with Excel What's Next? Need to brush up on AP Stats? These free AP Statistics practice tests are exactly what you need! If you're struggling with statistics on the SAT Math section, check out this guide to strategies for mean, median, and mode! This formula sheet for AP Statistics covers all the formulas you'll need to know for a great score on your AP test!

EU Economy Issues and Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU Economy Issues and Policies - Essay Example ship and they include: Macedonia, Iceland, Serbia, Turkey and Montenegro and have also started negotiations for membership except Macedonia (Archick, 2005 p.255). Other countries that have signed Stabilizations and Association Agreements (SAA) with the European Union include; Western Balkans, Bosnia, Albania and Herzegovina. This agreement is a prerequisite for lodging membership applications thus are considered potential candidates. Many analysts have argued that the South-eastern enlargement of the European Union is not only a test for the European Union, but also for the member states and candidates as well. According to Nuroglu & Kurtagić (2012 p.42), this kind of enlargement with candidates as well as potential candidates is estimated to increase the number of population by 19%, the European Union area by 25%, and the absolute gross Domestic Product by 5% (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.42). Even though the accession time is not known yet, the European commission is contemplating starting with the first three applicants: Montenegro, Croatia and Iceland (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.43). It is however important to note that the GDP income for the countries are 3 times below 27 member EU average (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.43). This forms the basis of sceptics argument and question that â€Å"why expand the EU at all? (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.43). The following discussion looks into these is sues into details and outlines the compelling economic arguments in support of European Union enlargement. Proponents of European Union enlargement argue that such successful accession would accumulate a lot of benefits not only to the members of the union but also to the individual citizens. However, some economic analysts have differed with this point of argument stating that such enlargement would not benefit the European Union but the new members due to their small size economy and population. The main economic arguments for further enlargement of the European Union are

Hofstedes Culture Work Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hofstedes Culture Work - Case Study Example This obliviousness to the existence of 'culture' and the shared basic assumptions that unites a cultural group often leads to members of that group becoming confused or irritated when situations arise which are alien to their set of norms and expectations. Hofstede has conducted a study in which he researched some employees of Germany's E.ON in Spain. However, Hofstede's E.ON questionnaire was not designed for cultural comparisons but for organisational development. Employees gave self-report responses to about 160 items which Hofstede analysed with ingenuity; he compared scores not for individuals but between countries, which he called an "ecological analysis." He reported and analysed four dimensions of culture: Individualism versus Collectivism: "Individualism - a preference for a loosely knit social framework in society, in which individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and immediate family's only; as opposed to Collectivism - a preference for a tightly knit social framework..." Masculinity versus Femininity: "Masculinity - a preference for achievement, heroism, assertivene... iduals are supposed to take care of themselves and immediate family's only; as opposed to Collectivism - a preference for a tightly knit social framework..." Masculinity versus Femininity: "Masculinity - a preference for achievement, heroism, assertiveness, and material success; as opposed to Femininity - a preference for relationships, modesty, caring for the weak, and the quality of life" Uncertainty Avoidance: "the degree to which members of society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity" (Hofstede, 1983, 1991) Hofstede has made unusual efforts to elaborate the conceptual nature of his dimensions. Such extensions have also been made by others such as Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997). There is already considerable research concentrating on these dimensions, especially regarding individualism-and collectivism. Individualism versus Collectivism Our sense of identity is often dependent, to a large degree, on our sense of belonging to and affiliation with a particular group - be it family, caste, clan, tribe or class. However, in individualistic countries, much more emphasis is placed on the realisation of the individual. Independence is greatly valued and social bonds between people tend to be relatively loose and flexible. This is particularly evident in the decision-making process as decisions tend to be made by individuals in positions of authority rather than by a committee or group. On the other hand, collectivistic countries are primarily oriented towards common goals and objectives and more value is placed on group interests. In collectivistic countries, employees often expect the organisation to protect their interests by way of providing them with professional development, benefits and long term security within the organisation. Needless to say