Genetically Modified Organisms, Also Known As Gmo’S, Are

Genetically modified organisms, also known as GMO’s, are important to today’s society because they bring more food to more people at a cheaper price. If a crop is a GMO, it means that its DNA sequence has been altered in a lab. When seeds are genetically altered in this way, it is to inject a certain characteristic that is not present in the traditional plant into the DNA. Usually, this characteristic is to make the crop more susceptible to fertilizer and pesticides, or to sustain harsh weather conditions. Sometimes, genes are modified to make foods taste better or be more nutrient dense. Not everyone believes that genetically modified organisms are positive because people feel that they are both unnatural and unethical due to the fact†¦show more content†¦By producing more food for a cheaper price, the farmer makes more money, and the consumer saves more money. Although people feel that genetically modified organisms are unsafe, they are actually healthier for our bodies, our planet, and are more affordable. A report, Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience and Future Prospects written by the Academics’ study committee was created to answer some of the most controversial questions involved with genetically modified organisms. This report took a scientific view point of the subject of genetically engineered crops. The committee’s first order of business was to research the effect of genetically modified organisms on agriculture and the environment. This study included the research of insecticide and herbicide use, insect and weed resistance, and crop yield. The study concluded â€Å"no conclusive evidence of cause-and-effect relationships between Genetically Engineered crops and environmental problems†. In addition, the study did prove that insects and weeds are developing a stronger resistance to the Genetically Engineered crops. The data also revealed that this insect and weed resistant positively impacted crop yield. This means that farmers have to spray less chemicals, which is cheaper, and also healthier for the Earth. Because GM’s resist insects and weeds, harvests lose less crops, which means more crops can be produced, which is important when trying to feed the world. While many people are often concerned with theShow MoreRelatedGentically Modified Organisms are the Topic of Conversation718 Words   |  3 PagesIn the past decade or so, genetically modified foods and genetically modified organisms, also known as GM Foods and GMO’s, have been a never ending topic of discussion. GM Foods and GMO’s have adversely affected people’s health all over the world. GMO’s are developed through taking genes of different species, then combining them through genetic engineering. Neither of those things can happen naturally or out in nature. That should raise lots of red flags to our society already. Adding these alteredRead MoreGmo : Genetically Modified Organisms876 Words   |  4 PagesHas it ever dawned upon a person why GMO’s products are never labeled as GMO’s? Or why people that try to speak up against GMO products are â€Å"breaking the law† and are being sued for showing people the truth that they have t he right to know? This is because GMO’s are bad. GMO’s (Genetically Modified Organisms) are being created in order to help make these companies do that exact, along with a few other things. GMO’s are plants or animals that have undergone a process wherein scientists alter theirRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms1582 Words   |  6 PagesGenetically Modified Organisms also known as GMO’s are commonplace items today on the shelves of the local grocery store, or even the racks of the local department store. Technology today has allowed companies to modify the genetics of everything from corn and soybeans, to cotton and salmon. It hasn’t been known until now how many products really contain these genetically modified organisms. This paper will discuss the origins of GMO’s, the companies that produce these GMO’s, how GMO’s are createdRead MoreThe Harm Negative Effects Of Genetically Modified Food1068 Words   |  5 Pagestesti ng and labelling of genetically engineered foods, the agency has made consumers unknowing guinea pigs for potentially harmful, unregulated food substances, stated Andrew Kimbrell, Executive Director of the International Center for Technology Assessment (CTA). A  genetically modified organism (GMO)  is an organism whose genome has been altered by the techniques of genetic engineering so that its DNA contains one or more genes not normally found within the DNA of the organism.. According to The WorldRead MoreGenetic Modification : Genetically Modified Organisms1523 Words   |  7 PagesForcing genes from one species into a different, unrelated species forms genetically modified organisms. Webster’s Dictionary defines genetically modified organisms as â€Å"an organism whose genome has been altered in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the output of desired biological products.† Genetically modified organisms are also known as transgenic organisms. There are many uses for genetic modification. Genetic modification is devoted mainly to the increased useRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1067 Words   |  5 PagesGMOs, or otherwise known as Genetically Modified Organisms, can be defined as organisms in which the genetic material, DNA, has been altered in a non-natural way. Genetically modified organisms have shown many advantages. They are safe to eat and environmentally sustainable. They are also safe, nutritious, and can help us adapt to our global problems. GMOs are also an approach to development that takes the finite resources of the Earth into consideration. The many, many pros of GMO’s heavily outweighRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmos )1337 Words   |  6 Pagesourselves a disservice to ourselves for instance, some of the ways that Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) caused damages is by altering the natural traits of our foods, negatively affecting our environment and impacting our abilities to function as regular humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Advancements in science, genetically modified organisms have become increasingly popular in the food market, the lack of consumer consent in the choice to eat GMO’s creates an ethical dilemma. Genetic engineering can increase theRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1294 Words   |  6 PagesDisease resistance, nutrition benefits, population growth, and environmental damage or should I say the causes of Genetically modified organisms. Genetically modified organisms are better known as GMO’s and can be defined as living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through GM (genetic engineering) (â€Å"GMO facts†). This technique for crop management has been introduced to ensure farmers and merchants are able to improve crop or food quality in a moreRead MoreThe Dangers Of Genetically Modified Organisms860 Words   |  4 PagesThe Dangers of Genetically Modified Organisms GMO’s or genetically modified organisms are living organisms such as fruits or vegetables whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated through genetic engineering, this often includes inserting genetic material from another organism of a different species. The use of GMO’s is becoming more and more prevalent in the United States although long-term studies of their effects have yet to be done. The production of GMO’s is dangerous, the modifyingRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods905 Words   |  4 Pagesdecades since the discovery of genetically modified foods (foods formed by organisms that have gone through altering DNA using the procedures of genetic engineering.) In the year 1983, the original genetically modified herb was manufactured with antibiotic-resistant tobacco. A near decade after, the FDA (food and drug administration) had finally approved to put a genetically modified tomato on the market. Countless organizations are proclai ming the benefits of GMO’s, whereas, other believe it’s a

Overview of MRSA Reduction Program - 3341 Words

MRSA Reduction Program Executive Summary The introduction of the Affordable health care Act was intended to ensure the availability of affordable and high quality health care for all citizens of America. Therefore, this led to the establishment of a national strategy of improving the quality of human and health services. This resulted in priorities in guiding the efforts including a strategic program of how to accomplish the project. This paper has focused on how the Affordable Care Act provides improved safety and quality of health care in the US (American Psychiatric Association, 2012). This meets the needs of communities, families, and patients by guiding care providers and paying for care services. It has incorporated data from latest healthcare delivery, scientific advances, and advances in clinical-based medicine. The Affordable Care Act will foster the effective delivery systems that work better for healthcare organizations and clinicians. It helps them collaborate and reduce their administrative burdens. Industry st akeholders developed principles that guide the Act. The enactment of this system has led to a significant improvement in healthcare outcomes and overall health of the people of America. This can also be applied in MRSA programs successfully (Tate, 2012). Introduction The Affordable Care Act has improved the affordability, accessibility, and quality of health care for all people in America. The law acts as a source of new consumer protections in theShow MoreRelatedThe Institute Of Medicine s A New Health System For The 21st Century960 Words   |  4 Pagesin 1999 outlined that despite rising healthcare costs, quality and patient outcomes were not improving. To Err is Human hypothesized that faulty processes and not people were to blame and set a goal that in the five years following the report, a reduction of 50% of healthcare errors would occur. In 2001, IOM published their report, Crossing the Chasm. In the years since their first published report, there was no noticeable improvement in the quality of healthcare. In the Crossing the Chasm reportRead MoreHealthy Start2125 Words   |  9 PagesHEALTHY START This essay will discuss healthy start as a current healthcare initiative in the United Kingdom. It will also look at the historical overview of healthy start its aim and how the initiative is structured, problems associated with in adequate nutrition with relation to socioeconomic status and the effectiveness of health promotion/health education will be reviewed with its implication to health care delivery, finally this write up will discuss about different nursing theories and modelsRead MoreUrinary Tractinfection5962 Words   |  24 Pagesresearch, consultation, collaboration, public policy, practice guidance and credentialing. Look for other topics in APIC’s Elimination Guide Series, including: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections Clostridium difficile Mediastinitis MRSA in Long-Term Care Copyright  © 2008 by APIC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise

Effective Leadership free essay sample

A look at how to measure success in a business and the importance of effective leadership to that success. This paper discusses the factors that contribute to an business success and how they come together to create a profitable company and supportive environment ensuring success into the future. While the profitability of corporations is typically measured in dollars, overall success can be measured in terms of profitability plus the attainment of organizational goals. This success derives from a synergy of inputs, including the work of employees who are dedicated, skilled and knowledgeable, and a management team that understands how to inspire competent and motivated performance through sensitive and responsive management of a continually changing workplace. The cost of socially-responsible management is an investment: the workplace environment directly impacts the motivation and productivity of the workforce. Simply put: happy, secure workers are productive workers.

The Body Shop strategy Essay Example

The Body Shop strategy Paper On March 26th 1976 a young lady of 33 by the name of Anita Roddick who had a deep rooted passion for environmental activism and no prior business knowledge decided to open a small store in Brighton by the name of The Body Shop selling natural based, self mixed beauty produce that she had discovered from her travels throughout the South Pacific and Africa. Her main aim at the time was to support her husband who was travelling around America and their 2 young children. With the advice to try and earn  £300 a week from Gordon her husband she set about The Body Shops raise to global fame and influence. With just 25 hand mixed products in her Brighton store in 1976 and each product having 5 different bottle sizes to simply bulk up the shops shelves she has managed to transform the organisation to be harbouring over 1,954 stores world wide today. (Mintel : 03) The question has to be asked how has a woman with no prior business knowledge or education managed to achieve such a feat? We will write a custom essay sample on The Body Shop strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Body Shop strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Body Shop strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Is Business knowledge meaningless? Were Body Shop simply headless and happen to stumble along the correct path? Or has The Body Shop operated cleverly and adopted unique strategies to differentiate themselves away from the norm? Throughout the following text we will discover the way in which The Body Shops historic strategy brought about its rise to world wide status and then later its decline. We will see the way the company has adjusted its strategy to try and halt this. This will then be followed by the evaluation of how both Porters five forces and SWOT analysis models may account for their success and the way in which they deal with the esoteric aspect of the body shops way of doing business. Corporate Strategy is concerned with the overall purpose and scope of the organisation to meet the expectations of owners or major stakeholders and add value to the different parts of the enterprise (Johnson, Scholes: 11) Since the early days of The Body Shop its strategy has always been to stand out and be different from the rest, the company statement alone portrays this The Body Shop International, A company with a difference (Company Statement) In fact The Body Shop was so different it was the first company to open up a new niche market with its natural based products. This strategy of going against the motion of traditional business practices was fundamental toward the rise of Body Shop. The body Shop was and still is based on the following business ethics as shown in figure one. In figure one we can see that The Body Shops aims differ substantially from most organisations in that it places emphasis on its ethical, social and environmental responsibility. This is shown by Anita Roddick saying: I would rather be measured by how I treat weaker and frailer communities I trade with than by how great are my profits (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 451) Many companies simply do not operate on this level and this one stance alone that differentiates Body Shop from the rest of its market. Consumers are fully aware of companies desires to obtain the biggest profits at almost any legal cost to the environment or society. Anita opened The Body Shop at a time when Europe was becoming greener, organisations such as green peace were being founded, knowledge and media interest were also on the rise so a company promoting good environmental ethics that concerned consumers brought about a large interest in the company. Therefore timing was also a key component of their strategy and this is acknowledged by Anita I am aware that success is more than a good idea. It is timing too. The Body Shop arrived just as Europe was going green (AnitaRoddick.com) Another key component for the company was Anita Roddicks ability to handle the media. Since the beginning of Body Shop she has used the media as her major tool of strategy in her search for success. Ever since she opened her shop in Brighton next door to two Funeral companies and was sued for her ironic choice of name she has used the media masterfully and to great advantage. The Body Shop never advertised in the conventional way. Usually advertising took place in an indirect way, not through the company but by word of mouth or through editorial coverage in magazines and newspapers. Roddick herself estimates that she generated around 2 million pound a year of free publicity (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 453) The press liked Anita and being forward with her opinions made her very quotable, in a sense they worked off each other. For the consumer this lack of conventional marketing really went against the usual ways of the beauty and cosmetics industry. Over 85 percent of its costs are packaging and advertising, The Body Shop simply ignores this. Charles Revlon founder of Revlon said In the store we sell hope, We are a dream machine (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 453) The Body Shop simply say There are no magic potions, no miracle cures, no rejuvenating creams, skin care products can do nothing more than cleanse, polish and protects thats it end of story! (Body Shop international case Mintzberg, Quinn, Ghoshol : 99, 448) This educates its consumers to know what to expect when purchasing Body Shop produce. No false hopes just the notion to simply to inform, usually via products labels, media. However as the early nineties arrived this strategy came under threat. Questions arose regarding the authenticity of The Body Shop claims of using natural products. Body Shop stepped down from this stance and acknowledged that some ingredients were in fact synthetic preservatives. They also had to step down from the claim that they didnt test their products on animals as they could not guarantee that this was the case with some third world suppliers. Instead they Are against animal testing These cases along with becoming the victim of its own success with ever increasing competition in its market we have seen Body Shops power and sales decline. Operating profits in the UK were just 4.9 Million with an operating profit margin of just 8.4% this was down by 57.0% since 1994 and the international profit margin was also down by 18.7% between 94-99. Shown in figure 2 (source: Mintel) These results brought about a large stimulus for change of strategy. In 1999 The Body Shop underwent an organisational and management shake-up which intended to reposition the group and rejuvenate its performance. Out went Anita Roddick and in came the likes of A. Bellamy (Executive Chairman), A Murray (Finance director) P. Saunders (Chief Executive Officer). Their new strategy started to run itself round cutting costs and improving efficiency. No longer were they manufacturing their own goods as they began to outsource to cut company costs. By February 2000 they had sold its Littlehampton manufacturing business to COSi. (Mintel: 03) It also saw of change of strategy regarding its marketing. They have moved from it stance against marketing and have now advertised through strategic advertising in select media and in terms of posters and billboards. They are slowing down the fast global expansion of The Body Shop through franchising and building to place resources in existing stores and buy existing franchises. This falls into the strategy of tighter control, costs and working capital to increase the profitability and cash generation. Its appears that despite core competences remaining with regards to ethics and social responsibility, well on the outside at least, Body Shop are trying to steady themselves among the raising competition whilst still trying to differentiate their selves. Theoretical and decision making models are a responsible way of accounting for an over view of the Body Shops success and Failure. I will discuss the following two frame works of SWOT (Design school, Mintzberg, Andrews) linked with the resource based ideology and Porters five forces (Positioning School, Porter: 85) we will over look the Body Shops Strategy by inserting the relative data into each frame work and then discussing it with reference to how the model deals with the esoteric aspects of body shops way of doing business. A swot analysis summarises the key issues from an analysis of the business environment and strategic capability of an organisation (Johnson, Scholes: 190) From SWOT analysis as written above a company is able to get an idea of its external environment and thus be able to exploit its competitors. Looking in Figure three we can see the SWOT analysis for The Body Shop in its current state. The SWOT analysis is spilt into four sections of analysis Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats and from this we can see the some of the strategies that have taken the Body Shop forward yet we can also assume the factors that have held it back. Take for example in the strengths section we can see most of the key historic and current strategies that have propelled Body Shop to its world wide status. The focus on its strong ethical and environmental credentials as well as its franchising schemes is seen as its major strengths. These have been with the company since the start and the companies strong ethical and environmental stance can be seen as its core competency that raises the company above its competition. The Weaknesses and threats in the analysis chart bring forth the concerns and challenges that face The Body Shop today. Suffering from its earlier success it shows how the competition has increased. An earlier SWOT analysis would have contained more capital and expansion threats and weaknesses as they were a new company starting in a new niche market now as Body Shop become Mature and its market exposed many firms have joined the band wagon of going green and being environmentally friendly. Most natural beauty retailers such as boots, LOreal are against animal testing and competition of natural products is ever increasing with supermarkets now producing their own brands. So how The body Shop differentiates itself, manages its weaknesses and exploits its opportunities is a now dilemma that Body Shop must face. Five forces analysis is a means of identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in an industry (Johnson, Scholes: 1998) M. Porter sees competition as the core of the success or failure of firms (Wit, Meyer : 345) and that the essence of formulating competitive strategy is by relating a company to its environment (Porter: 3) Therefore he designed a frame workforce to that shows state of competition in an industry which is based around five forces. We can see these five forces and what they involve in figure 4. As we can see it is in a rather simplified format regarding the amount of the detail it goes into. Porter actually goes into more depth and detail regarding his texts, therefore simplified models of the five forces are not as informative as it could possibly be so should be considered as a framework for further analysis. However for use in the case of Body Shop and the word constraint it still can provide us with a useful knowledge of the environment that Body Shop is facing and how it accounts for it success and failings Firstly considering the threat of substitution for Body Shop products we can consider this to be high. Body Shop is in direct competition with the beauty industry both natural and unnatural. As competition in its niche market increases substitution becomes a bigger threat. This is certainty is a hindrance to Body Shop currently. However the threat of substitutes has actually helped in this case, Porter asks the question of whether or not a substitute poses the threat of obsolescence to a firms product or service, or actually provides a higher perceived benefit or value (wit, meyer : 120) This covers the case of the Body Shop actually providing beauty products but actually only providing natural ones. This means that Body Shop in the case of this model have been able to add value by offering a natural alternative to typical ones, this has been one of the key factors of The Body Shops success. Therefore this section of the model accounts for both success and failure for the Body Shop. The potential entrants force also provides an account of the success of the Body Shop. Porter states that the treat on entry is dependant on barriers to entry. Within the six major forces that affect the barriers we can account for the product differentiation of Body Shop acting as an entry barrier. During the 80s Body Shop had established itself as the original and leading retailer of natural based cosmetics with a good brand image. This formed a consumer loyalty base and has acted as a deterrent for potential entrants, as building a brand up is very costly especially against the flow of success that the Body Shop were experiencing. This barrier is perhaps the most important entry barrier for baby products, over the counter drugs, cosmetics (Porter :9) All of which are connected also with the SWOT analysis of the firm. However as the nineties came forth Body Shop suffered some damaging anti natural claims as well an apparent lack of ability to re-invent itself possibly saw the consumer become accustomed to Body Shop as well as possibly becoming down hearted with body shops reversal on some of its claims. Then seemed a good time for more competitors to try and enter the market. Larger cosmetics companies such as LOreal, Boots had resources to be able to defeat another major barrier of Porters in regards to distribution channels. These competitors already had secure logical forms of distribution in terms for their numerous stores both nationally and globally. This gives them a substantial starting base to promote their selves within a new product market. Supermarkets are now also using distribution channels as a means of entering the natural cosmetics sectors. Both Asda and Sainsburys have their own ranges already as well a massive store base.

The Meanings and Variations of Sister

The Meanings and Variations of Sister The Meanings and Variations of Sister The Meanings and Variations of Sister By Mark Nichol Sister, from the Old English word sweoster and cognate with the Latin term soror, means not only â€Å"a female with one or more parents in common† but has also come, by extension, to refer to a woman with whom one has a bond or a common interest. It also applies to national or racial commonality, as in the term â€Å"soul sister,† which in American English describes a black female. In addition, it can refer loosely to a female relative or a girl or woman with whom one has an affinity, including among feminists; it is also slang for referring to a female in general. In religious contexts, it denotes a female member of a religious order. Because nuns often served as nurses, in British English, sister is still synonymous with nurse. Sis is an informal abbreviation, often used in direct address by a sibling, as is sissy, though this term acquired the pejorative connotation of an effeminate man. The quality of being a sister, literally or figuratively, is sisterhood; the term also applies to a society of sisters, such as a religious community of women. Sister-german is a technical legal term pertaining to the default definition of sister- â€Å"a woman or girl who has both of the same parents as a given person,† as opposed to a half sister, who shares only one parent, or a stepsister, the daughter of a stepparent. (The term german, from the Latin word germanus, means â€Å"having the same parents† and is unrelated to the proper noun referring to a person from Germany.) A blood sister is literally a sister by birth or figuratively someone with whom one shares a bond of loyalty; this term, inspired by â€Å"blood brother,† alludes to the ceremonial exchange of blood between two men, often by mingling blood at the point of a slight self-inflicted wound. â€Å"Big sister† refers to one’s older female sibling or to a woman who mentors a girl to whom she is not related. Phrases that include the word include â€Å"sister act,† a term from vaudeville describing a variety act consisting of two or more sisters, and â€Å"sob sister,† slang for an advice columnist or a writer of sentimental stories supposed to appeal primarily to women, alluding to the emotional reaction expected of female readers when reading such material. â€Å"Weak sister† is an allusion to the supposed inferiority of women that refers to an ineffectual, unreliable, or weak person in a group. Meanwhile, a sister language is one in the same language family, such as Spanish as compared to Portuguese and vice versa, while a sister city is a municipality that has established a cultural-exchange connection with a city in another country. In construction, to sister is to strengthen a structural element by attaching a similar component to it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 150 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)One "L" or Two?

Understanding Parenthetical Elements

Understanding Parenthetical Elements A parenthetical element is a word or group of words that interrupts the flow of a sentence and adds additional (but nonessential) information to that sentence. This element can be long or short, and it can appear at the beginning, the middle, or the end of a clause or sentence. John, the second batter in the lineup, is a fast runner.Mildred is an excellent cook, as a matter of fact.Just this once, you should try mustard on your peanut butter sandwiches.The dog, after guarding the chewed-up toy for more than an hour, finally got tired of waiting for me to play with him. Types of Words or Word Groups that Can Be Parenthetical Elements: Appositives Example: The book, a 758 page monster, was required for my history class. Relative clauses Example: My professor, who eats lunch every day promptly at noon, was not available for discussion. Prepositional phrases Example: The turkey, after moments of deliberation, ate the bug. Phrases as examples Example:  Foods that are hot or spicy, e.g. jalapenos or hot wings, make my eyes water. You might think of the parenthetical element as a sudden thought that pops into your head as you are making a statement. Because it provides additional or supporting information to a complete sentence, the main part of the sentence should be able to stand alone without the words stated in the parenthetical element. The name parenthetical might cause confusion because it resembles the word parentheses. In fact, some parenthetical elements are so strong (they can be quite jolting) that they require parenthesis. The previous sentence provides an example! Here are a few more: My sister (the one standing on the chair) is trying to get your attention. The strawberry tart (the one with the bite taken out of it) belongs to me. Yesterday (the longest day of my life) I got my first speeding ticket. Punctuation for Parenthetical Elements The examples above show that parenthetical elements are usually set off by some form of punctuation in order to avoid confusion. The type of punctuation used actually depends on the degree of interruption caused by the interrupter. Commas are used when the interruption is least emphatic. If the sentence containing the parenthetical element flows pretty smoothly, then commas are a good choice: My friend, who doesn’t like to wear socks, is trying to give me his tennis shoes. Parentheses are used (as stated above) when the interrupting thought represents a bigger diversion from the original message or thought. Pizza is my favorite food (the brick oven kind is best).I think Ill go home now (the walk will do me good)  before I fall asleep on the job. But there is one more form of punctuation that you may use if you use an interrupting parenthetical element that really jolts the reader from the main thought. Dashes  are used for the most emphatic interruptions. Use dashes to set off a parenthetical element for a more dramatic effect.   My birthday party- what a surprise!- was a lot of fun. The frog- the one who jumped on the window and made me jump a mile- is now under my chair. I bit my lip- ouch!- to keep from speaking my mind.

Examine citically the ways in which Marxist Theory seek to establish a Essay

Examine citically the ways in which Marxist Theory seek to establish a relationship between Law and the Economy - Essay Example From the Instrumentalist point of view, capitalism and its effects on the working class is dependent upon the ruling class’ distribution of economic power. The economic base is understood to be accountable for determining all other social institutions such as criminal law, religion and the media. The media conveys mass communications that help maintain capitalism and historical documents assume that the wisdom of any time period is generally held by the ruling class. Business owners, the rich and the government, including the judicial system, control cultural structures to maintain the status quo which enables them to retain an element of supremacy. Thus, Capitalists’ power depends on the making and enforcement of the prevailing law. Instrumentalists assert, however, that the capitalist state must be relatively autonomous in order to best serve a capitalist society. â€Å"Its relative independence makes it possible for the state to play its class role in an approximate ly flexible manner.   If it really was a simple instrument of the ruling class, it would be fatally inhibited in the performance of its role.   Its agents absolutely need a measure of freedom in deciding how best to serve the existing social order.†2 Instrumentalists contend that the state works as an intentional and planned instrument for the supremacy over society: â€Å"Instrumental exercise of power by people in strategic positions who either manipulate state politics directly (direct instrumentality) or through the exercise of pressure on the state (indirect instrumentality).†3 While Marxist theorists agree that capitalism provides for the well-being of the social elite by the exploitation of the working class, some differ in their rationalizations of how a capitalist nation accomplishes this.   Instrumental Marxism views law as a tool of the ruling class

Managing&Leading Change Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing&Leading Change - Assignment Example The significance of the specific article can be identified in the fact that both the literature and the empirical research have been employed in order to prove the interaction between theory and practice in the case of change management. The authors have used the concepts of change management theory along with the views of postgraduate students – currently managers – who have studied change management and had to apply theory in practice. The specific study can be therefore characterized as quite effective addressing the entire key issues using appropriate theories and empirical data; its potential use by teachers in the change management field could be considered to be one of its distinctive advantages. As in any study, weak points also exist – as analyzed below. However, they cannot be considered as having a major influence on the study’s effectiveness in the change management sector. The structure of the specific study is clear; it is also aligned with its priorities – as set by the authors. The views of the literature are presented in the first section of the study which is clearly distinguished by its second part – under the title ‘study approach’. Despite the fact that material within the study is appropriately placed - the concepts highlighted are valuable, still there is a significant weakness: the analysis of the literature presented in the first section is limited – in fact in the first section the views of the authors on the issues mentioned in the literature cannot be identified. The views of theorists are just placed one after another with no analysis of the content. In this way the interpretation of the definitions and the concepts presented in the literature section is not available to the reader of the specific article; it could be assumed that the reader is offered the chance to make his own assumptions on the mater ial presented in the literature section – especially after studying the findings of the empirical research presented in the second part of the article.  Ã‚  

Overlapping talk and turns Essay Example for Free

Overlapping talk and turns Essay In face-to-face interactions within one language, when Ð ° speaker decides to talk, she can do so at almost any moment in the talk of another speaker. Thus, the potential exists for any one speaker to talk when Ð ° current speaker is already talking. Although many linguists have called this interruption, Bennett (1981) pointed out that when two people talk at the same time, the description of what is happening is overlap, whereas interruption is Ð ° judgment regarding individuals rights and obligations when speaking. Overlapping talk is not always nor consistently viewed by speakers as interruption ( Edelsky 1981 ; Murray 1985 ; Tannen 1989 ). Many American speakers, women for example, tolerate overlapping speech without labeling it interruption (James and Drakich 199o). The term overlap or overlapping talk, includes both brief spurts of talk and talk which could continue for longer. Instances of overlap include everything from brief listening responses, to indications of understanding or the lack of it, words of agreement or disagreement, and when two speakers begin talking at the same time. In simultaneous interpreting, one kind of overlapping talk is constantinterpreters talk as primary speakers are talking. This kind of simultaneous talk of speaker and interpreter, which, in face-to-face interpreting, can be seen or heard by all participants, is Ð ° marker of the unusual nature of an interpreting event. This Interlingua overlap becomes an accepted norm of these face-to-face encounters and is not the kind of overlapping talk discussed here. However, another kind of overlap occurs in interpreted encounters which require the interpreter to intervene. This is the overlapping talk that occurs between the two primary speakers. 6 This overlap can easily be understood because two participants can begin simultaneously, respond to anothers talk briefly or at length, ask Ð ° question, exclaim, and so on. This is not to say that overlapping talk by primary speakers is customary. In fact, it appears that, for the most part, participants in an interpreting situation are aware that something unusual is going on and adjust their usual habits of talkingthat is, they are more cautious about taking Ð ° turn, and, many times, are never sure when it is their turn. In any language there can be overlapping talk by speakers without noticeable disruption of interaction. But overlapping talk between two speakers in an interpreted meeting forces an interpreter to act. An interpreter cannot interpret two speakers at the same time; thus overlapping talk during interpreting has an impact different from when it occurs in ordinary conversation. When it occurs, two things are immediately apparent: (1) the possibility exist for three people to be talking; and (2) the interpreter must make Ð ° decision. Then the question is, what does the interpreter do, or rather what choices are available to the interpreter? 1. An interpreter can stop one (or both) speakers and allow the other speaker to continue. If an interpreter stops both speakers, then either the interpreter indicates who speaks next or one of the primary speakers decides who talks next. 2. An interpreter can momentarily ignore one speakers overlapping talk, hold the segment of talk in memory, continue interpreting the other speaker, and then produce the held talk immediately following the end of Ð ° speakers turn. Decisions about holding talk in ones memory lie within the interpreters ability to do so and the interpreters judgment regarding the importance or impact of the talk to be held in memory. 3. An interpreter can ignore overlapping talk completely. 4. An interpreter can momentarily ignore overlapping talk and upon finishing the interpretation of one speaker, offer the next turn to the other speaker, or indicate in some way that Ð ° turn was attempted. To stop Ð ° speaker, an interpreter has to do something, verbally and/or nonverbally, within microseconds of the overlapping talk. Although there may be several strategies in any language for stopping Ð ° speaker, interpreter’s also have to consider other factors, such as message importance, speaker relationships, and relative status or authority. Inevitably, interpreters have to choose strategies that work in specific situations with specific speakers. Because of the nature of interpreting employment, it is not unusual for interpreters to work in situations where they do not know the speakers or know them only slightly. This forces interpreter’s to learn the factors of Ð ° situation quickly. Thus, interpreters must know Ð ° wide range of communicative strategies and, as they learn about interlocutorsjust as interlocutors learn about participating in an interpreted eventthey make decisions about which strategies to use. This example is particularly rich with three instances of overlapping talk between the primary speakers. Two instances of overlap are within the first seven seconds of this segment, brief, and practically imperceptible. The third instance, however, is more dramatic. As three people begin to talk, the Interpreter has to do something. The first overlap occurs as the Professor begins Ð ° new topic. She has been discussing why the Students work is good but needs some corrections. Then, with almost no hesitation, the Professor switches to Ð ° new topic, chunking. At the beginning of this segment, YES is the Students response to the Professors previous utterance. As the Student says YES, the Professor simultaneously starts her new topic with Ch- but doesnt complete the word. This is the first instance of overlapping talk as the Professor and Student both utter together. Both contributions are brief; the Professor doesnt even finish her word so there is no need to stop them. The Professor appears to hear and understand the Yes, І agree rendered by the Interpreter. The second overlap occurs one line later when the Professor and the Student say chunking together. The Interpreter has let the Student know that the Professor is talking about chunking, and as the Professor says, І have no idea how, she sees the Student shrug; look puzzled, and shake his head. Although she pauses briefly, as she says, chunking again, so does the Student. As they say chunking together, they both see each other speak, and they laugh together briefly. Again, it seems Ð ° spontaneous occurrence, brief and ending quickly.

Freddie Prinze Jr. :: essays research papers fc

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freddie Prinze Jr. was born on March 8, 1976 in Las Angeles, California. He would have lived a dream life in Hollywood fame. But when he was only ten months old, his father, Freddie Sr. had his sitcom â€Å"Chico and the Man† canceled and got high on prescription drugs and shot himself. Freddie Jr.’s mother, Kathy Cochran, moved her family back to Albuquerque, New Mexico, knowing that if they stayed in Hollywood her son would be haunted by his father’s death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In New Mexico he met his best friend Chris Sandoval at Sandia Prep where he went for sixth to eighth grade. At his high-school, La Cueva he constantly cut classes and hardly ever studied, however he never got into drugs, for as he said, â€Å"My dad taught me one of the most valuable lessons in the world through his death, because he accidentally killed himself while using drugs. That’s why I will never use them.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After he graduated from high school, he started to think about acting. He started thinking about his father’s life and how he would want to live a similar life. His mother would tell him things about his father like this line from Freddie Prinze Jr., â€Å"She told me about how much he loved me, the way his face light up when he held me, about how he called me ‘Pie’, she told me I brought him a lot of joy as a baby.† He took an acting class and in 1994 (the year that he graduated) he got his first acting job. Acting   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freddie’s first acting job was on the hit sitcom â€Å"Family Matters† where he had a four line part in an episode called The Gun. He knew just what to do, â€Å"I went to my father’s grave in Forest Lawn, I put my hand on his plaque and I said, ‘Thank you. I hope you’re watching now. I hope to make you proud.’† Soon he was starring on after school specials like Too Soon For Jeff, Detention: Siege At Johnson High, and The Watcher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Freddie got his first big break in To Gillian On Her 37th birthday alongside Claire Danes, Peter Gallagher, and Michelle Pfeiffer. He played Joey Bost, Claire Danes’ rugged boy friend. Freddie then played a part in Mar Waters black comedy The House of Yes, about a twisted family preparing for a Thanksgiving Feast, or so we are to believe.

Contributions Of Community Pharmacies Health And Social Care Essay

In the United Kingdom, the parts of community pharmaceuticss to public wellness have non been clearly defined. As a effect they are non routinely integrated into the work of the wider public wellness household. Whilst it is ill-defined why this should be, it has been acknowledged that they have the potency of playing a important function in protecting and bettering population wellness, placing forms of disease and supplying wellness and societal surveillance information to public wellness organic structures ( Department of Health 2005a ; RPSGB 2003 ) . The function of the community pharmaceutics in public wellness remains to be to the full exploited, even though they have been progressively involved in wellness betterment activities such as services aimed at smoking surcease, sexual wellness and substance abuse services, etc, as laid out in the contractual model for community pharmaceuticss ( DOH 2005b ) . An of import country of public wellness where community pharmaceuticss have been least involved is in wellness protection, and they have the potencies of complementing present attempts in surveillance of infective diseases and supplying support to affected population during an eruption. In Wales, wellness protection is one of the cardinal duties of the Public Health Wales ( PHW ) Health Protection unit and the Catching Disease Surveillance Centre ( CDSC ) is the arm responsible for surveillance of infective diseases, support for outbreak probes and proviso of wellness intelligence and applied research ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . Soon, there are no enterprises or policies to officially prosecute the wellness protection unit of the Public Health Wales and community pharmaceuticss to work together on wellness protection whereby everyday intelligence and surveillance information are exchanged ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . These surveillances information could be in signifier of supervising tendencies of nonprescription ( OTC ) gross revenues informations ( e.g anti-diarrhoeal, anti-fungal, cold and cough redresss, etc. ) to observe eruptions, and routinely supplying community pharmaceuticss with eruptions and surveillance studies to enable them supply support to affected population. Policy Framework Analysis: In order to accomplish a successful policy alteration, a prospective policy analysis of the issue at manus ( Analysis for policy ) , which is iterative and dynamic will be undertaken ( Buse. 2005 ) . The diagram below high spots the different facets of the policy analysis and is explained in inside informations under the policy headings – content, context, histrions and procedure.Need for alteration ( Policy Content ) :There is a demand to germinate the functions of the wellness protection units and CDSC of PHW to include everyday communicating with community pharmaceuticss in order to better their effectivity in surveillance and sensing of infective diseases eruptions and protection of population wellness in Wales. This formal battle of community pharmaceuticss with the PHW Health Protection unit is of import as a consequence of increasing cognition and consciousness of its possible benefits. During the eruption of E. Coli O157 in South Wales in September 2005 which affected about 150 people ( with 1 decease recorded ) , the pharmaceutics squad of the so NPHS Wales noted anecdotal studies that community druggists had been consulted with respects to the sale of anti-diarrhoeal readyings ( Walker 2009 ) . Besides during the eruption of viral pinkeye in South Wales in August 2006, GPs and community pharmaceuticss were advised against the usage of ophthalmic Chloromycetin and there was grounds of public wellness protection by those pharmaceuticss that acted on the advice ( Hinchliffe and Walker 2008 ) . These are arrows to the fact that community pharmaceuticss can play a important function in public wellness protection.Policy Context ;Public or authorities policy has been described as a determination that a authorities decides or decides non to do ( Dye 2001 ) . In the current political context in Wales since degeneration in 1999, the WAG has adopted the â€Å" citizens â⠂¬Ëœ theoretical account † of wellness service bringing where the populace have rights and duties in both having wellness services, and guaranting handiness of the services to everyone ( Welsh Assembly Government 2004 ; Beecham Report 2006 ) . Therefore, the current policy environment in Wales can be said to be pluralist and the major contextual factors asking a demand for alteration at this point in clip are structural and endogenous in nature. These include the acknowledgment by the UK Department of Health ( 2005a ) that community pharmaceuticss are untapped resources in protecting public wellness and the committednesss of the Welsh Assembly Government in its One Wales a progressive docket for the authorities of Wales, which aims to protect the wellness of the population with one of its wellness precedences of beef uping public wellness services ( Welsh Assembly Government 2007 ) . Furthermore, improved electronic connectivity in community pharmaceuticss ( RPSGB, 2008 ) will let for easy and speedy transmittal and reception of informations and information for surveillance activities. Last, addition in the cognition that early sensing and control of infective diseases outbreaks in the population through an efficient surveillance system significantly reduces its load on the wellness of the population and saves costs of intervention and infirmary admittance, therefore bettering public assurance in the authorities.Policy Stakeholders ( Actors ) :This measure involves placing the policy histrions and understanding their place and involvements with regard to the issue of affecting community pharmaceuticss in PHW ‘s wellness protection ( Buse, 2005 ) . This is of import in order to accomplish alteration and guarantee its successful execution and sustainability. Welsh Assembly Government: Is a cardinal stakeholder in doing and implementing the policy by presenting the policy instrument in the signifier of an official statement and/or ordinance. The undermentioned histrions in the WAG include: The Department of Health and Social Services: oversees all wellness related maps in Wales including â€Å" reding the Welsh Assembly Government in puting policies and schemes for wellness and societal attention in Wales † ( Welsh Assembly Government, 2010a ) and is cardinal in decision-making with respects to O.K.ing the policy and presenting the policy instrument on behalf of the authorities. The Department of Public Health and Health Professions ( DPHHP ) : headed by the Chief Medical Officer for Wales, reports to the Department of Health and Social Services and has the aim of protecting the wellness of the peoples and being prepared for wellness exigencies ( WAG 2010b ) . Chief Health Professionals: including the main medical officer, main pharmaceutical advisor and others who provide expert cognition in public wellness and related specializer countries to the WAG and other external organic structures to protect and better public wellness. Public Health Wales ( PHW ) : In October 2009, the new NHS trust established by the WAG became operational, integrating the maps and services provided by the NPHS Wales, Wales Centre for Health ( WCfH ) , WCISU and the Screening Services Wales. PHW is to supply resources, advice and information to the WAG, and all Wales NHS Trusts, Local Health boards, etc, enabling them to transport out their statutory public Health maps ( Public Health Wales 2009 ) . Its Health protection unit has as one of its strategic ends to cut down the impact of infective diseases and exigencies in the population and delivers this through its Health Protection Teams and the Centre for Communicable Diseases Surveillance ( CCDS ) among others ( NPHS Wales, 2007 ) . The PHW is a cardinal histrion in accomplishing successful policy alterations since they will be straight involved in the execution of the policy. Public Health Consultants in Wales: including Advisers in Catching Diseases and Control would be portion of the policy alteration procedure in obtaining experts inputs in their assorted specialised Fieldss, and most particularly pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be chief advocators and innovators of the policy alteration. Community Pharmacy Wales ( CPW ) : is the local pattern forum for Wales and is possibly the most important stakeholder as community pharmaceuticss are at the other terminal of the spectrum for execution and the policy alteration affects them straight and the manner they operate. CPW represents the involvements of the over 700 community pharmaceuticss in Wales and are recognized by the WAG as the negociating organic structure on behalf of pharmaceutics contractors, taking the function from the PSNC ‘s Welsh commission following degeneration ( CPW, [ no day of the month ] ) . Nation-wide Chain Pharmacy Stores: These are peculiarly of import stakeholders since their operations span across the different UK states and are likely to hold an integrated IT system for staff and information direction. Their positions are of import since they represent a big ball of community pharmaceuticss, for illustration in Wales of the 714 community pharmaceuticss, 91 are owned by Boots ( Walker 2009 ) . Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) : is the regulative and professional organic structure for druggists and pharmaceutics technicians in the Britain with primary aims â€Å" to take, modulate, develop and stand for the profession of pharmaceutics † ( RPSGB, 2010a ) . Since more than half of the over 2300 druggists in Wales work in the community ( RPSGB, 2010b ) , the RPSGB is an of import histrion in stand foring their involvements and in guaranting that the policy is successfully made and implemented. The Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE ) : is an operational unit of the Welsh School of pharmaceutics, Cardiff University and provides go oning professional development chances ( CPD ) for the pharmaceutics squad in Wales ( WCPPE, 2010 ) . The WCPPE is of import as a policy histrion in fashioning and supplying a CPD programme for community druggists in Wales as a portion of the policy execution procedure in guaranting its success and continuity/sustainability. Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) : in the UK is the organic structure that sets criterions for public wellness specializers and purposes to advance promotions in public wellness cognition and keep the highest degree of professional criterions ( FPH, 2010 ) . The FPH is a major advocator for public wellness in the UK and hammering an effectual partnership with it in pursing this policy alteration is important for puting the policy on the docket and guaranting that it remains there up till its execution and rating. National Pharmacy Association ( NPA ) : is the trade association for community pharmaceuticss in the UK and aims to stand for, support and protect their involvements ( NPA, 2010 ) . The NPA is a potentially of import histrion in the policy procedure since their place can do or impair the execution of the policy. The Media: Is an first-class agencies of acquiring the issue on the docket and in puting the ball turn overing for treatments among different histrions ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The advocates of the policy alteration may use a sponsored intelligence docudrama particularly foregrounding past effects of eruptions ( including human deaths ) and ways in which the community pharmaceuticss could hold provided of import surveillance information to the PHW and the populace and intervened to supply support to affected population.Other Stakeholders will include:Welsh Medicines Resource Centre ( WeMeReC ) Local Health Boards in Wales Board of Community Health Council in Wales The Media The Welsh Office of Research and Development for Heath and Social Care ( WORD ) As a portion of the policy analysis model, after placing the political histrions, measuring their political powers and measuring their involvements, places and committednesss ( Buse et al, 2005 ) , an abridged stakeholder analysis and sum-up of their power distribution is shown in Table 1 below.Table 1: Stakeholder Analysis ( Varvasovszky and Brugha, ( 2000 ) :SupportAgainst ( Opposition )ImpersonalWelsh Assembly Government ( WAG ) Community Pharmacy Wales ( CPW ) Welsh Centre for Pharmacy Professional Education ( WCPPE ) Public Health Wales ( PHW ) National Pharmacy Association ( NPA ) Media Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain ( RPSGB ) RPSGB WeMeReC Faculty of Public Health ( FPH ) Nation-wide Pharmacy Stores, e.g. Boots Pharmacy Board of Community Health Council in Wales Advisers of Public Health in Wales Local Health Boards in Wales MediaPolicy ProcedureDespite the pluralist nature of the political system in Wales, Luke ‘s first dimension of power may non capture the full scope of relationships that exists, while his 2nd dimension of power may be utile in explicating the docket puting procedure ( Buse et al. 2005 ) since different policy histrions all have changing powers to protect their involvements. Policy alteration here would use the incrementalist attack which would affect â€Å" puddling through † the policy position quo which will include a new function for the Public Health Wales ( i.e. everyday communicating of surveillance information with community pharmaceuticss ) and community pharmaceuticss ( i.e. supplying OTC gross revenues informations to PHW ) . The four-staged ( additive ) policy procedure – docket scene, policy preparation, policy execution and policy rating, provides a utile heuristic device ( Stages Heuristics ) which is utile in explicating the policy procedure, even though it is a cyclical procedure in world ( Hogwood and Gunn 1984 ) . Agenda Setting: Introducing this policy alteration onto the WAG docket may non be achieved following the â€Å" politics-as-usual † attack where the WAG comes to find and acknowledge that there is a major issue to be addressed ( Buse et al. 2005 ) . The Hall ‘s theoretical account ( 1975 ) cited in Buse et Al ( 2005 ) will be of import in conveying the issue to the attending of the WAG since its legitimacy, feasibleness and support can be deemed as high and pursued by the histrions: Legitimacy ; Expanding the function of community pharmaceuticss to complement current attempts at public wellness protection and affecting them to supply support to affected population after an eruption is a legitimate end in footings of presenting the WAG aim of wellness protection. It is besides underpinned by several studies ( DOH 2005a, RPSGB 2003 ) recommending more engagement of community pharmaceuticss in wellness protection. Feasibility ; Achieving the policy alteration will supply a platform at maximising available resources for wellness protection as the policy alteration will non necessitate any major extra fiscal and human resources in footings of chance costs. It involves spread outing the duties of the PHW wellness protection squads to routinely pass oning with community pharmaceuticss in their local governments and analyzing informations obtained from them as portion of surveillance. It is extremely executable, maximizes finite human and fiscal resources of authorities. Support ; A possible challenge in the policy procedure is acquiring equal support particularly from community pharmaceuticss and their different organic structures. Since its non portion of the contractual model of community pharmaceuticss and no commercial wagess, community pharmaceuticss may look non concerted. However, this challenge can be addressed by equal protagonism and lobbying with the pharmaceutics groups ( CPW, NPA, RPSGB ) and guaranting that support is obtained. From the authorities position, support from the public wellness advisers and civil retainers ( curate, managers, etc. ) would be sought after by the pharmaceutical public wellness advisers and spouses recommending for the alteration. Public Health Consultants in Wales, in peculiar pharmaceutical public wellness advisers would be the title-holder of the policy alteration by first accepting the demand for alteration and propagating the message particularly through the media. Health Protection Unit of the PHW who are a portion of the policy implementers would be involved in this early phase to guarantee their support, while other parts of the PHW including the Public Health Strategic Management Group would be carried along. Community pharmaceuticss on the other manus may turn out hard ab initio, but strong protagonism and usage of political resources available particularly through the RPSGB would guarantee cooperation. Advocacy by druggists and advisers working within PHW to the RPSGB, CPW and NPA and the usage of informal meetings and formal unit of ammunition table treatments between these stakeholders will guarantee support. The support of the FPH would be required since it plays a important function in protagonism for public wellness policy alteration ( FPH, 2010 ) .Policy FormulationOnce the issue gets on the authorities docket, a series of complex activities takes topographic point within the policy web ( procedure and histrions ) , with the histrions exerting their political powers and resources to prosecute their involvements in the policy. The usage of public audience is a tool often used by the WAG ( Strategic Policy Unit ) in policy devising procedures, which would convey the policy web together to consider and supply proficient information on the policy. At this phase and based on dialogues, the concluding inside informations and accommodations of the policy alteration would be made before it is formulated. Policy preparation takes topographic point by passage of the policy through an appropriate policy instrument which in this instance may be done through the issue of an official policy statement/circular by the Minister of Health and Social Services. This policy so flows down the hierarchy of the civil service and NHS to the PHW which so implements it. Community pharmacies either through the CPW, RPSGB and/or NPA will besides publish policy statements to all its members to move as appropriate with the PHW. Further reappraisals and treatments at a ulterior clip during and after ratings have been carried out may so take to farther dialogue and determination on whether or non to include the policy in the community pharmaceutics contractual model.Policy ExecutionExecution is the most of import facet of the policy procedure since it is where alteration is expected to happen. Using the â€Å" Bottom-Up † attack would affect the implementers ; in this instance the PHW Health Protection Unit and community pharmaceuticss ( CPW ) , to interact in the political procedure of execution ( Buse, 2005 ) . Conflicts are bound to originate during execution but it is of import in placing challenges and supplying feedbacks for rating and for alteration of attack. The â€Å" Top-down † attack to policy execution would be used to sketch the administrative and managerial facets including sketching ends and schemes, and delegating quantitative marks to guarantee that the policy bringing can be monitored and evaluated to place countries for betterment. Execution of the policy may merely bring forth a fringy incremental alteration which is easy to supervise and requires really small human and fiscal resources. Successful execution is an iterative procedure which and requires regular inputs and active engagement of the members of the policy web. This can be achieved through a regular stakeholders ‘ forum for treatments, suggestions and ratings. One other of import facet of the execution is to include wellness protection as a Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) programme for community pharmaceuticss. This facet would affect the RPSGB and WCPPE, guaranting sustainability of the alteration and can be achieved through active protagonism.Policy EvaluationEvaluation in a policy procedure is iterative and may be done at any phase of the policy procedure in order to measure the degrees of advancement that has been made. Formative rating of the policy will be carried out during the policy docket scene, preparation and execution phases to modify and develop the concluding policy in order to suit the positions of differing powerful histrions. Summational ratings on the other manus would be focussed to mensurate the degree of impacts of early sensing of infective diseases outbreak achieved by the policy alteration over a period of clip ( Buse et al, 2005 ) . Evaluation of the policy may include the usage of epidemiological surveies such as ecological and instance control surveies to measure the effectivity of observing eruptions of infective diseases as a consequence of affecting community pharmaceuticss in surveillance in comparing with other countries of the UK. It involves the aggregation and usage of qualitative and quantitative informations to measure the effectivity of the policy alteration. The usage of the Donabedian ‘s Structure-Process-Outcome Model to gestate the policy rating is described in table 2 below.Donabedian Framework for Policy EvaluationStructure/Input:Administrative/Managerial ComponentsNumber of PHW Health Protection Teams and Community Pharmacies involvedUse of IT resourcesResultEarly sensing of eruptions by community pharmaceuticss taking to reduced load of infective diseases Reduced burden/morbidity of infective diseases in the populationProcess/Activities:Routine ( Weekly or Monthly ) communicating and exchange of wellness protection studies and infection diseases surveillance informations Actions taken by community pharmaceuticss to back up affected population Whether or non Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) on wellness protection has been introduced to community pharmaceuticssEnd productSum of eruptions detected through usage of community pharmaceuticss surveillance informations Sum of outbreak instances handled by community pharmaceuticss ( referrals and actions taken ) Number of community pharmaceuticss taking the CPD on wellness protectionDrumhead

Mcdonalds Case Study

McDonald’s case study For at least 30 years McDonald’s had the lead consumer base in the fast food market. They seemed to have the market monopolized, however in time it’s consumer base drifted away. It would appear that Mcdonalds had become comfortable in the position it was in and put little to no emphases on product variety or quality and simply focused on the speed and convinience as the customer draw. Mcdonalds was suffering from low growth and market base as well as decreasing profits. The factors which affected this low growth and lack of profit was not only its competitors but also public opinion of the quality and variety of the food not being up to the same standards of the competition such as Wendy’s or Burger king. Public opinion on Mcdonalds was that the food it sold was of poor quality with little to no variety and people would sacrifice the convinience and speed of their order for taste and variety. To solve this problem Mcdonalds needs to bring back the once reliable customers that it lost to the competition. This can be done a few different ways. – Introduce new aspects to the existing menu, maybe different choices for existing products, possible rebrand and remarket some of these products with a possible price break. – Possibly improve the flavour of its beef as to improve the taste in all its burgers. -Introduce new items on the menu similar to products of the competition ie. Burger King and Wendy’s. – New slogan, new product apperance on the cups and containers. This is to represent the â€Å"new† Mcdonalds. The previous list of ideas can be implemented the easiest by a complete marketing blitz of the new product line and image for the company. The size of the company allows it to have the resources to do this type of campaign with very little financial risk, basically the company has nothing to loose but more customers. Mcdonalds Case Study McDonald’s case study For at least 30 years McDonald’s had the lead consumer base in the fast food market. They seemed to have the market monopolized, however in time it’s consumer base drifted away. It would appear that Mcdonalds had become comfortable in the position it was in and put little to no emphases on product variety or quality and simply focused on the speed and convinience as the customer draw. Mcdonalds was suffering from low growth and market base as well as decreasing profits. The factors which affected this low growth and lack of profit was not only its competitors but also public opinion of the quality and variety of the food not being up to the same standards of the competition such as Wendy’s or Burger king. Public opinion on Mcdonalds was that the food it sold was of poor quality with little to no variety and people would sacrifice the convinience and speed of their order for taste and variety. To solve this problem Mcdonalds needs to bring back the once reliable customers that it lost to the competition. This can be done a few different ways. – Introduce new aspects to the existing menu, maybe different choices for existing products, possible rebrand and remarket some of these products with a possible price break. – Possibly improve the flavour of its beef as to improve the taste in all its burgers. -Introduce new items on the menu similar to products of the competition ie. Burger King and Wendy’s. – New slogan, new product apperance on the cups and containers. This is to represent the â€Å"new† Mcdonalds. The previous list of ideas can be implemented the easiest by a complete marketing blitz of the new product line and image for the company. The size of the company allows it to have the resources to do this type of campaign with very little financial risk, basically the company has nothing to loose but more customers.

The Four Market Structures

The Four Market Structures Free Online Research Papers Economists group industries into four distinct market structures: pure competition, pure monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly (McConnell Brue 2004). Understanding the different market structures will help to understand how price and output are determined and will also help to evaluate the efficiency or inefficiency of those markets (McConnell Brue 2004). This paper will briefly explain each market structure and will also explain how Quasar Computers evolved through each structure. Monopolistic Competition Monopolistic competition is defined as â€Å"a market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products, each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole† (InvestorWords, 2008). Quasar Computers is under intense competition within the computer industry. The company pioneered an optical notebook computer; new competitors have entered the market making optical technology easily available. Quasar planned ahead and set aside $200 million to develop their brand and keep their product differentiated. By thinking ahead and being proactive Quasar proved that they were ready for the monopolistic competition. Oligopoly Quasar Commuters has evolved into an oligopoly market because the patent on the optical technology expired. â€Å"Oligopoly involves only a few sellers of a standardized or differentiated product; so each firm is affected by the decisions of its rivals†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Brue, McConnell, 2004). Orion Technologies has entered the optical notebook market. Quasar must effectively price and advertise their product in order to gain additional market share from Orion. Orion competitively lowers their product price to beat the price of Quasar, causing Quasar to lose additional market share. Although Orion is lowering its prices and increasing its market share, the company is not increasing its revenue. A balance must be made between the cost of the product to be sold and the amount of revenue that each company will achieve. Perfect Competition Characteristics that make perfect competition unique are the market usually involves identical, standardized products that are produced in mass quantities. Perfect competition products do not set pricing and market entry and exit is easy for an organization. Quasar recently acquired a controlling interest in Opticom the organization whom supplies Quasar with Optical Display Screens (ODS). Quasar is trying to determine the best strategy for making the organization profitable. A requirement of the perfect competition market is that products are identical; product improvements will mean Quasar’s products are no longer similar to their competitors’ products resulting in above-market profits. Eventually, Quasar’s competitors will duplicate their products, which could decrease market prices and revenue. Monopoly Even though a monopolist r is a price maker, cost cannot be passed on to customers. Quasar has to be careful in raising their prices. This is due to a downward slope, by a monopolist. However, an increase will lead to a decrease in demand. Therefore, to improve profits even a monopoly player has to invest in advertising, improve productivity, and eventually cutting costs [This sentence is confusing. Rework for clarity and conciseness. (16b)] . Quasar’s advertising team or department has to strategize carefully their planning, therefore, by not to increase significantly, customers like when prices fair are and reasonable. [This sentence is long and confusing. Please rewrite for clarity.(16)] Realistically consumers like bargains, uniqueness, and easiness. Conclusion Quasar computers have had the opportunity to operate in all market structures. By learning and understanding those market structures, Quasar has effectively made smart business decisions when faced with the challenges of operating in each market structures. Quasar has a better comprehension of price and output determination. Making more informed and educated decisions has enabled Quasar to evaluate their efficiency or inefficiency more in-depth in their respective markets. Research Papers on The Four Market StructuresDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemHip-Hop is ArtGenetic EngineeringStandardized Testing

What Is Statistical Significance How Is It Calculated

What Is Statistical Significance How Is It Calculated SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've ever read a wild headline like, "Study Shows Chewing Rocks Prevents Cancer," you've probably wondered how that could be possible. If you look closer at this type of article you may find that the sample size for the study was a mere handful of people. If one person in a group of five chewed rocks and didn't get cancer, does that mean chewing rocks prevented cancer? Definitely not. The study for such a conclusion doesn't have statistical significance- though the study was performed, its conclusions don't really mean anything because the sample size was small. So what is statistical significance, and how do you calculate it? In this article, we'll cover what it is, when it's used, and go step-by-step through the process of determining if an experiment is statistically significant on your own. What Is Statistical Significance? As I mentioned above, the fake study about chewing rocks isn't statistically significant. What that means is that the conclusion reached in it isn't valid, because there's not enough evidence that what happened was not random chance. A statistically significant result would be one where, after rigorous testing, you reach a certain degree of confidence in the results. We call that degree of confidence our confidence level, which demonstrates how sure we are that our data was not skewed by random chance. More specifically, the confidence level is the likelihood that an interval will contain values for the parameter we're testing. There are three major ways of determining statistical significance: If you run an experiment and your p-value is less than your alpha (significance) level, your test is statistically significant If your confidence interval doesn't contain your null hypothesis value, your test is statistically significant If your p-value is less than your alpha, your confidence interval will not contain your null hypothesis value, and will therefore be statistically significant This info probably doesn't make a whole lot of sense if you're not already acquainted with the terms involved in calculating statistical significance, so let's take a look at what it means in practice. Say, for example, that we want to determine the average typing speed of 12-year-olds in America. We'll confirm our results using the second method, our confidence interval, as it's the simplest to explain quickly. First, we'll need to set our p-value, which tells us the probability of our results being at least as extreme as they were in our sample data if our null hypothesis (a statement that there is no difference between tested information), such as that all 12-year-old students type at the same speed) is true. A typical p-value is 5 percent, or 0.05, which is appropriate for many situations but can be adjusted for more sensitive experiments, such as in building airplanes. For our experiment, 5 percent is fine. If our p-value is 5 percent, our confidence level is 95 percent- it's always the inverse of your p-value. Our confidence level expresses how sure we are that, if we were to repeat our experiment with another sample, we would get the same averages- it is not a representation of the likelihood that the entire population will fall within this range. Testing the typing speed of every 12-year-old in America is unfeasible, so we'll take a sample- 100 12-year-olds from a variety of places and backgrounds within the US. Once we average all that data, we determine the average typing speed of our sample is 45 words per minute, with a standard deviation of five words per minute. From there, we can extrapolate that the average typing speed of 12-year-olds in America is somewhere between $45 - 5z$ words per minute and $45 + 5z$ words per minute. That's our confidence interval- a range of numbers we can be confident contain our true value, in this case the real average of the typing speed of 12-year-old Americans. Our z-score, ‘z,' is determined by our confidence value. In our case, given our confidence value, that would look like $45 - 5(1.96)$ and $45 + 5(1.96)$, making our confidence interval 35.2 to 54.8. A wider confidence interval, say with a standard deviation of 15 words per minute, would give us more confidence that the true average of the entire population would fall in that range ($45Â ± \bo{15}(1.96)$), but would be less accurate. More importantly for our purposes, if your confidence interval doesn't include the null hypothesis, your result is statistically significant. Since our results demonstrate that not all 12-year-olds type the same speed, our results are significant. One reason you might set your confidence rating lower is if you are concerned about sampling errors. A sampling error, which is a common cause for skewed data, is what happens when your study is based on flawed data. For example, if you polled a group of people at McDonald's about their favorite foods, you'd probably get a good amount of people saying hamburgers. If you polled the people at a vegan restaurant, you'd be unlikely to get the same results, so if your conclusion from the first study is that most peoples' favorite food is hamburgers, you're relying on a sampling error. It's important to remember that statistical significance is not necessarily a guarantee that something is objectively true. Statistical significance can be strong or weak, and researchers can factor in bias or variances to figure out how valid the conclusion is. Any rigorous study will have numerous phases of testing- one person chewing rocks and not getting cancer is not a rigorous study. Essentially, statistical significance tells you that your hypothesis has basis and is worth studying further. For example, say you have a suspicion that a quarter might be weighted unevenly. If you flip it 100 times and get 75 heads and 25 tails, that might suggest that the coin is rigged. That result, which deviates from expectations by over 5 percent, is statistically significant. Because each coin flip has a 50/50 chance of being heads or tails, these results would tell you to look deeper into it, not that your coin is definitely rigged to flip heads over tails. The results are statistically significant in that there is a clear tendency to flip heads over tails, but that itself is not an indication that the coin is flawed. What Is Statistical Significance Used For? Statistical significance is important in a variety of fields- any time you need to test whether something is effective, statistical significance plays a role. This can be very simple, like determining whether the dice produced for a tabletop role-playing game are well-balanced, or it can be very complex, like determining whether a new medicine that sometimes causes an unpleasant side effect is still worth releasing. Statistical significance is also frequently used in business to determine whether one thing is more effective than another. This is called A/B testing- two variants, one A and one B, are tested to see which is more successful. In school, you're most likely to learn about statistical significance in a science or statistics context, but it can be applied in a great number of fields. Any time you need to determine whether something is demonstrably true or just up to chance, you can use statistical significance! How to Calculate Statistical Significance Calculating statistical significance is complex- most people use calculators rather than try to solve equations by hand. Z-test calculators and t-test calculators are two ways you can drastically slim down the amount of work you have to do. However, learning how to calculate statistical significance by hand is a great way to ensure you really understand how each piece works. Let's go through the process step by step! Step 1: Set a Null Hypothesis To set up calculating statistical significance, first designate your null hypothesis, or H0. Your null hypothesis should state that there is no difference between your data sets. For example, let's say we're testing the effectiveness of a fertilizer by taking half of a group of 20 plants and treating half of them with fertilizer. Our null hypothesis will be something like, "This fertilizer will have no effect on the plant's growth." Step 2: Set an Alternative Hypothesis Next, you need an alternative hypothesis, Ha. Your alternative hypothesis is generally the opposite of your null hypothesis, so in this case it would be something like, "This fertilizer will cause the plants who get treated with it to grow faster." Step 3: Determine Your Alpha Third, you'll want to set the significance level, also known as alpha, or ÃŽ ±. The alpha is the probability of rejecting a null hypothesis when that hypothesis is true. In the case of our fertilizer example, the alpha is the probability of concluding that the fertilizer does make plants treated with it grow more when the fertilizer does not actually have an effect. An alpha of 0.05, or 5 percent, is standard, but if you're running a particularly sensitive experiment, such as testing a medicine or building an airplane, 0.01 may be more appropriate. For our fertilizer experiment, a 0.05 alpha is fine. Your confidence level is $1 - ÃŽ ±(100%)$, so if your alpha is 0.05, that makes your confidence level 95%. Again, your alpha can be changed depending on the sensitivity of the experiment, but most will use 0.05. Step 4: One- or Two-Tailed Test Fourth, you'll need to decide whether a one- or two-tailed test is more appropriate. One-tailed tests examine the relationship between two things in one direction, such as if the fertilizer makes the plant grow. A two-tailed test measures in two directions, such as if the fertilizer makes the plant grow or shrink. Since in our example we don't want to know if the plant shrinks, we'd choose a one-tailed test. But if we were testing something more complex, like whether a particular ad placement made customers more likely to click on it or less likely to click on it, a two-tailed test would be more appropriate. A two-tailed test is also appropriate if you're not sure which direction the results will go, just that you think there will be an effect. For example, if you wanted to test whether or not adding salt to boiling water while making pasta made a difference to taste, but weren't sure if it would have a positive or negative effect, you'd probably want to go with a two-tailed test. Step 5: Sample Size Next, determine your sample size. To do so, you'll conduct a power analysis, which gives you the probability of seeing your hypothesis demonstrated given a particular sample size. Statistical power tells us the probability of us accepting an alternative, true hypothesis over the null hypothesis. A higher statistical power gives lowers our probability of getting a false negative response for our experiment. In the case of our fertilizer experiment, a higher statistical power means that we will be less likely to accept that there is no effect from fertilizer when there is, in fact, an effect. A power analysis consists of four major pieces: The effect size, which tells us the magnitude of a result within the population The sample size, which tells us how many observations we have within the sample The significance level, which is our alpha The statistical power, which is the probability that we accept an alternative hypothesis if it is true Many experiments are run with a typical power, or ÃŽ ², of 80 percent. Because these calculations are complex, it's not recommended to try to calculate them by hand- instead, most people will use a calculator like this one to figure out their sample size. Conducting a power analysis lets you know how big of a sample size you'll need to determine statistical significance. If you only test on a handful of samples, you may end up with a result that's inaccurate- it may give you a false positive or a false negative. Doing an accurate power analysis helps ensure that your results are legitimate. Step 6: Find Standard Deviation Sixth, you'll be calculating the standard deviation, $s$ (also sometimes written as $ÏÆ'$). This is where the formula gets particularly complex, as this tells you how spread out your data is. The formula for standard deviation of a sample is: $$s = √{{∑(x_i – Â µ)^2}/(N – 1)}$$ In this equation, $s$ is the standard deviation $∑$ tells you to sum all the data you collected $x_i$ is each individual data $Â µ$ is the mean of your data for each group $N$ is your total sample So, to work this out, let's go with our preliminary fertilizer test on ten plants, which might give us data something like this: Plant Growth (inches) 1 2 2 1 3 4 4 5 5 3 6 1 7 5 8 4 9 4 10 4 We need to average that data, so we add it all together and divide by the total sample number. $(2 + 1 + 4 + 5 + 3 + 1 + 5 + 4 + 4 + 4) / 10 = 3.3$ Next, we subtract each sample from the average $(x_i – Â µ)$, which will look like this: Plant Growth (inches) $x_i – Â µ$ 1 2 1.3 2 1 2.3 3 4 -0.7 4 5 -1.7 5 3 0.3 6 1 2.3 7 5 -1.7 8 4 -0.7 9 4 -0.7 10 4 -0.7 Now we square all of those numbers and add them together. $1.32 + 2.32 + -0.72 + -1.72 + 0.32 + 2.32 + -1.72 + -0.72 + -0.72 + -0.72 = 20.1$ Next, we'll divide that number by the total sample number, N, minus 1. $20.1/9 = 2.23$ And finally, to find the standard deviation, we'll take the square root of that number. $√2.23=1.4933184523$ But that's not the end. We also need to calculate the variance between sample groups, if we have more than one sample group. In our case, let's say that we did a second experiment where we didn't add fertilizer so we could see what the growth looked like on its own, and these were our results: Plant Growth (inches) 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 5 3 6 1 7 1 8 2 9 1 10 1 So let's run through the standard deviation calculation again. #1: Average Data $1 + 1 + 2+ 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 14$ $14/10 = 1.4$ #2: Subtract each sample from the average $(x_i – Â µ)$. $0.4 + 0.4 + (-0.4) + 0.4 + (-1.6) + 0.4 + 0.4 + (-0.4) + 0.4 + 0.4 = 0.4$ #3: Divide the last number by the total sample number, N, minus 1. $0.4/9=0.0444$ #4: Take the square root of the previous number. $√0.0444 = 0.2107130751$ Step 7: Run Standard Error Formula Okay, now we have our two standard deviations (one for the group with fertilizer, one for the group without). Next, we need to run through the standard error formula, which is: $$s_d = √((s_1/N_1) + (s_2/N_2))$$ In this equation: $s_d$ is the standard error $s_1$ is the standard deviation of group one $N_1$ is the sample size of group one $s_2$ is the standard deviation of group two $N_2$ is the sample size of group two So let's work through this. First, let's figure out $s_1/N_1$. With our numbers, that becomes $1.4933184523/10$, or 0.14933184523. Next, let's do $s_2/N_2$. With our numbers, that becomes $0.2107130751/10$, or 0.02107130751. Next, we need to add those two numbers together. $0.14933184523 + 0.02107130751 = 0.17040315274$ And finally, we'll take the square root: $√0.17040315274 = 0.41279916756$ So our standard error $s_d$, is 0.41279916756. Step 8: Find t-Score But we're still not done! Now you're probably seeing why most people use a calculator for this. Next up: t-score. Your t-score is what allows you to compare your data to other data, which tells you the probability of the two groups being significantly different. The formula for t-score is $$t = (Â µ_1 – Â µ_2)/s_d$$ where: $t$ is the t-score $Â µ_1$ is the average of group one $Â µ_2$ is the average of group two $s_d$ is the standard error So for our numbers, this equation would look like: $t = (3.3 - 1.4)/0.41279916756$ $t = 4.60272246001$ Step 9: Find Degrees of Freedom We're almost there! Next, we'll find our degrees of freedom ($df$), which tells you how many values in a calculation can vary acceptably. To calculate this, we add the number of samples in each group and subtract two. In our case, that looks like this: $$(10 + 10) - 2 = 18$$ Step 10: Use a T-Table to Find Statistical Significance And now we'll use a t-table to figure out whether our conclusions are significant. To use the t-table, we first look on the left-hand side for our $df$, which in this case is 18. Next, scan along that row of variances until you find ours, which we'll round to 4.603. Whoa! We're off the chart! Scan upward until you see the p-values at the top of the chart and you'll find that our p-value is something smaller than 0.0005, which is well below our significance level. So is our study on whether our fertilizer makes plants grow taller valid? The final stage of determining statistical significance is comparing your p-value to your alpha. In this case, our alpha is 0.05, and our p-value is well below 0.05. Since one of the methods of determining statistical significance is to demonstrate that your p-value is less than your alpha level, we've succeeded! The data seems to suggest that our fertilizer does make plants grow, and with a p-value of 0.0005 at a significance level of 0.05, it's definitely significant! Now, if we're doing a rigorous study, we should test again on a larger scale to verify that the results can be replicated and that there weren't any other variables at work to make the plants taller. Tools to Use For Statistical Significance Calculators make calculating statistical significance a lot easier. Most people will do their calculations this way instead of by hand, as doing them without tools is more likely to introduce errors in an already sensitive process. To get you started, here are some calculators you can use to make your work simpler: How to Calculate T-Score on a TI-83 Find Sample Size and Confidence Interval T-Test Calculator T-Test Formula for Excel Find P-Value with Excel What's Next? Need to brush up on AP Stats? These free AP Statistics practice tests are exactly what you need! If you're struggling with statistics on the SAT Math section, check out this guide to strategies for mean, median, and mode! This formula sheet for AP Statistics covers all the formulas you'll need to know for a great score on your AP test!

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